Luciferase biosensor

ABSTRACT

A modified beetle luciferase protein which is an environmentally sensitive reporter protein is provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. application Ser. No. 60/510,187, filed Oct. 10, 2003, under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of biochemical assays and reagents. More specifically, this invention relates to modified reporter proteins, e.g., luminescent reporter proteins, and to methods for their use.

BACKGROUND

Luciferases are enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of a substrate (e.g., luciferin) with the concomitant release of photons of light. Luciferases have been isolated from numerous species, including Coleopteran arthropods and many sea creatures. Because it is easily detectable and its activity can be quantified with high precision, luciferase/substrate pairs have been used widely to study gene expression and protein localization. Unlike another reporter protein, green fluorescent protein (GFP), which requires up to 30 minutes to form chromophore, the products of luciferases can be detected immediately upon completion of synthesis of the polypeptide chain (if substrate and oxygen are also present). In addition, no post-translational modifications are required for enzymatic activity, and the enzyme contains no prosthetic groups, bound cofactors, or disulfide bonds. Luciferase is a useful reporter in numerous species and in a wide variety of cells.

Luciferases possess additional features that render them particularly useful as reporter molecules for biosensing, i.e., molecules which reveal properties of a biological system. Signal transduction in biosensors (sensors which comprise a biological component) generally involves a two-step process: signal generation through a biological component, and signal transduction and amplification through an electrical component. Signal generation is typically achieved through binding or catalysis. Conversion of these biochemical events into an electrical signal is typically based on electrochemical or caloric detection methods, which are limited by the free energy change of the biochemical reactions. For most reactions, this is less than the energy of hydrolysis for two molecules of ATP, or about 70 kJ/mole. However, the luminescence elicited by luciferases has a much higher energy content. For instance, the reaction catalyzed by firefly luciferase (560 nm) emits 214 kJ/mole of energy. Furthermore, the reaction catalyzed by luciferase is one of the most efficient bioluminescent reactions known, having a quantum yield of nearly 0.9. Luciferase is thus an extremely efficient transducer of chemical energy.

Luciferase biosensors have been described. For example, Sala-Newby et al. (1991) disclose that a Photinus pyralis luciferase cDNA was amplified in vitro to generate cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation sites. In particular, a valine at position 217 was mutated to arginine to generate a site, RRFS, and the heptapeptide kemptide, the phosphorylation site of the porcine pyruvate kinase, was added at the N- or C-terminus of the luciferase. Sala-Newby et al. relate that the proteins carrying phosphorylation sites were characterized for their specific activity, pI, effect of pH on the color of the light emitted, and effect of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A in the presence of ATP. They found that only one of the recombinant proteins (RRFS) was significantly different from wild-type luciferase and that the RRFS mutant had a lower specific activity, lower pH optimum, emitted greener light at low pH and, when phosphorylated, decreased its activity by up to 80%. It is disclosed that the latter effect was reversed by phosphatase.

Waud et al. (1996) engineered protein kinase recognition sequences and proteinase sites into a Photinus pyralis luciferase cDNA. Two domains of the luciferase were modified by Waud et al.; one between amino acids 209 and 227 and the other at the C-terminus, between amino acids 537 and 550. Waud et al. disclose that the mutation of amino acids between residues 209 and 227 reduced bioluminescent activity to less than 1% of wild-type recombinant, while engineering peptide sequences at the C-terminus resulted in specific activities ranging from 0.06%-120% of the wild-type recombinant luciferase. Waud et al. also disclose that addition of a cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit to a variant luciferase incorporating the kinase recognition sequence, LRRASLG (SEQ ID NO:107), with a serine at amino acid position 543, resulted in a 30% reduction activity. Alkaline phosphatase treatment restored activity. Waud et al. further disclose that the bioluminescent activity of a variant luciferase containing a thrombin recognition sequence, LVPRES (SEQ ID NO: 108), with the cleavage site positioned between amino acids 542 and 543, decreased by 50% when incubated in the presence of thrombin.

Ozawa et al. (2001) describe a biosensor based on protein splicing-induced complementation of rationally designed fragments of firefly luciferase. Protein splicing is a posttranslational protein modification through which inteins (internal proteins) are excised out from a precursor fusion protein, ligating the flanking exteins (external proteins) into a contiguous polypeptide. It is disclosed that the N- and C-terminal intein DnaE from Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 were each fused respectively to N- and C-terminal fragments of a luciferase. Protein-protein interactions trigger the folding of DnaE intein, resulting in protein splicing, and thereby the extein of ligated luciferase recovers its enzymatic activity. Ozawa et al. disclose that the interaction between known binding partners, phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and its target N-terminal SH2 domain of PI 3-kinase, was monitored using a split luciferase in the presence insulin.

Paulmurugan et al. (2002) employed a split firefly luciferase-based assay to monitor the interaction of two proteins, i.e., MyoD and Id, in cell cultures and in mice using both complementation strategy and an intein-mediated reconstitution strategy. To retain reporter activity, in the complementation strategy, fusion proteins need protein interaction, i.e., via the interaction of the protein partners MyoD and Id, while in the reconstitution strategy, the new complete reporter protein formed via intein-mediated splicing maintains it activity even in the absence of a continuing interaction between the protein partners.

A protein fragment complementation assay is disclosed in Michnick et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,270,964, 6,294,330 and 6,428,951). Specifically, Michnick describe a split murine dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene-based assay in which an N-terminal fragment of DHFR and a C-terminal fragment of DHFR are each fused to a GCN4 leucine zipper sequence. DHFR activity was detected in cells which expressed both fusion proteins. Michnick et al. also describe another complementation approach in which nested sets of S1 nuclease generated deletions in the aminoglycoside kinase (AK) gene are introduced into a leucine zipper construct, and the resulting sets of constructs introduced to cells and screened for AK activity.

What is needed is an improved recombinant reporter protein for use as a biosensor, e.g., in detecting cellular events such as protein-protein interactions, with a high degree of specificity and a high quantum yield.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides an improved gene product, e.g., a modified reporter protein such as a modified beetle luciferase, which, in the presence of another molecule (one or more molecules of interest), or under certain conditions, has one or more altered activities. In one embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the modified reporter protein is different than the amino acid sequence of a corresponding unmodified (native, wild-type or parental) reporter protein as a result of one or more modifications at a site (residue) or in a region which is tolerant to modification, e.g., tolerant to an insertion, a deletion, circular permutation, or any combination thereof. One or more modifications may be internal to the N- or C-terminus of the unmodified reporter protein, and/or may be at the N- and/or C-terminus of the unmodified reporter protein, e.g., a deletion and/or insertion of one or more amino acid residues, thereby yielding a modified reporter protein. The modification(s) may include the introduction of one or more discreet (isolated) amino acid sequences which directly or indirectly interact with a molecule of interest and/or is/are otherwise sensitive to changes in conditions, and optionally may include the deletion of one or more amino acids, e.g., at a site or in a region tolerant to modification including the N- and/or C-terminus of the unmodified reporter protein, so long as the resulting modified reporter protein has reporter activity before and/or after the interaction with the molecule of interest, such as an exogenous agent, or a change in conditions. For instance, the modified reporter protein may include deletions at the N- or C-terminus of 1 to about 10 or 15 residues, or any integer in between, relative to the corresponding unmodified reporter protein. The modification may be the absence of a peptide bond in the modified reporter protein between two amino acids which are linked via a peptide bond in the corresponding unmodified reporter protein, in conjunction with a peptide bond in the modified reporter protein between residues found at or near the N-terminal and C-terminal residues of the corresponding unmodified reporter protein, yielding a circularly permuted reporter protein, which optionally includes an amino acid sequence which directly or indirectly interacts with a molecule of interest or is otherwise sensitive to changes in conditions. The modified reporter protein may thus be employed to detect reversible interactions, e.g., binding of two or more molecules, formation of disulfide bonds or other conformational changes or changes in conditions, such as pH, temperature or solvent hydrophobicity, or irreversible interactions, e.g., cleavage of a peptide bond, via an alteration in the activity of the modified reporter protein, such as an alteration in light intensity, color or kinetic profile.

As described hereinbelow, Tn5 was employed to prepare a library of insertions of DNA encoding 19 amino acids into a click beetle luciferase nucleic acid sequence. Analysis of 416 clones with insertions showed that about 10% (52) of the clones had partial activity, e.g., activities up to 2% of wild-type. Of the 52 clones, 27 clones had insertions in the luciferase open reading frame, and 16 of those insertions were between residues 398 to 409 (the “hinge” region). In particular, in-frame insertions resulting in modified click beetle luciferases with detectable activity were at residue 21, 25, 117, 358, 376, 379, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 405, 406, 407, 409 or 490 of click beetle luciferase, i.e., those residues and/or regions near those residues are tolerant to modification including insertions. Thus, the invention includes a modified beetle luciferase with a modification at a residue, for instance residue 21, 25, 117, 358, 376, 379, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 405, 406, 407, 409 or 490, or in a region corresponding to residue 15 to 30, e.g., residue 21 or 25, residue 112 to 122, e.g., residue 117, residue 352 to 362, for instance, residue 358, residue 371 to 384, e.g., residue 379, residue 393 to 414, or residue 485 to 495, of a click beetle luciferase. Corresponding positions may be identified by aligning luciferase sequences. In particular, the invention includes a modified beetle luciferase with a modification in the hinge region of beetle luciferase, e.g., residues corresponding to residues 390 to 409 of click beetle luciferase, as well as other regions which can tolerate modification.

As also described herein, Tn7 was employed to prepare a library of insertions into a firefly luciferase nucleic acid sequence. In-frame insertions resulting in modified firefly luciferases with detectable activity were at residue 7, 121, 233, 267, 294, 303, 361, 540 or 541 of firefly luciferase, i.e., those residues and/or regions near those residues are tolerant to modifications including insertions. Accordingly, the invention includes a modified beetle luciferase with a modification at a residue or in a region corresponding to residue 2 to 12, residue 116 to 126, residue 228 to 238, residue 262 to 272, residue 289 to 308, residue 356 to 366, or residue 535 to 546, of a firefly luciferase. Corresponding positions may be identified by aligning luciferase sequences.

Thus, in one embodiment, the reporter protein is a beetle luciferase, and the amino acid sequence of the modified beetle luciferase is different than the amino acid sequence of a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase as a result of one or more modifications at a site or in a region which is tolerant to modification. For example, in one embodiment, the modified beetle luciferase has a detectable activity and includes an insertion of one or more amino acids relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase at a site or in a region which is tolerant to modification, which insertion is internal to the N- and C-terminus of the modified beetle luciferase. In one embodiment, a modified beetle luciferase comprises an insertion of 2 or more, e.g., 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 300 or more, but less than about 500, or any integer in between, amino acid residues. In one embodiment, a modified beetle luciferase of the invention comprises an internal insertion of at least 4 amino acids at a residue or in a region which is tolerant to modification, which insertion includes an amino acid sequence which directly interacts with a molecule of interest, e.g., an insertion which includes a recognition sequence for the molecule of interest, or indirectly acts with the molecule of interest, e.g., via another molecule.

In one embodiment, the modified beetle luciferase with an internal insertion further comprises an internal deletion of beetle luciferase sequences, e.g., a deletion of 1 or more, but less than about 100, for instance less than 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 or 5, or any integer in between, residues.

In one embodiment, the modified beetle luciferase has a deletion relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, at a site or in a region which is tolerant to modification. In one embodiment, a modified beetle luciferase of the invention comprises a deletion of at least 50, e.g., at least 100, contiguous amino acid residues relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, i.e., the modified beetle luciferase is a fragment of a full-length unmodified beetle luciferase sequence, e.g., a fragment of at least 50, e.g., at least 100, contiguous amino acid residues, for instance, a fragment which has at least 5%, e.g., 10%, fewer residues than the corresponding full-length unmodified beetle luciferase, and an insertion of an amino acid sequence which directly or indirectly interacts with a molecule of interest or is otherwise sensitive to conditions. Such a modified beetle luciferase may be employed in a protein complementation assay, e.g., where a detectable activity of the luciferase increases in the presence of another fragment of the luciferase which is linked to a molecule of interest, or in a protein recombination assay, for instance, intein-mediated recombination. In one embodiment, a beetle luciferase fragment (without one or more heterologous sequences) has a detectable activity which is less than, e.g., about 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1% or 1%, the activity of the corresponding full-length unmodified beetle luciferase and, when combined with a complementing fragment (without one or more heterologous sequences), has an increase in activity relative to either fragment of greater than 3-fold, e.g., 10-, or 50- to 100-fold or more. For instance, in one embodiment, the N-terminal beetle luciferase fragment has at least 0.001% but less than 1%, and the C-terminal beetle luciferase fragment has at least 0.01% but less than 5%, the activity of the corresponding full-length unmodified beetle luciferase. In another embodiment, a modified beetle luciferase of the invention is a fragment which has a deletion of at least 50, e.g., at least 100, contiguous amino acid residues relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, an insertion of an amino acid sequence which directly or indirectly interacts with a molecule of interest or is otherwise sensitive to conditions, and an insertion of heterologous, e.g., non-beetle luciferase, sequences, which insertions preferably do not increase but may individually or together decrease the activity of the beetle luciferase fragment, but which, once removed, result in a truncated beetle luciferase with increased activity relative to the modified beetle luciferase.

As further described herein, circularly permuted firefly and click beetle luciferases, having a N-terminus at a residue or in a region which is tolerant to modification in the corresponding noncircularly permuted beetle luciferase, and optionally including an amino acid sequence which directly or indirectly interacts with a molecule of interest, e.g., a protease recognition site or a kinase site, were prepared and shown to have detectable activity, which activity was altered in the presence of the molecule of interest, for instance, a suitable protease or kinase in constructs which encoded a protease recognition site or a kinase site, respectively, in the circularly permuted luciferase. Hence, in one embodiment, a modified beetle luciferase of the invention comprises an amino acid sequence which is circularly permuted relative to the amino acid sequence of a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, resulting in a new N- and C-terminus in the modified beetle luciferase, at least one of which is at a site or in a region which is tolerant to modification. In another embodiment, the circularly permuted beetle luciferase includes other modifications, including but not limited to insertions and/or deletions internal to the N- or C-terminus of the circularly permuted beetle luciferase, for instance, an insertion and/or deletion, e.g., at or near the N- and C-terminus of the corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase such as at residues corresponding to residues 1 to about 10 or 15, or any integer in between, of the N-terminus and/or corresponding to the last residue or about the last 15, or any integer in between 1 and 15, residues of the C-terminus of the corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase. Thus, the N- and C-termini of a reporter protein can be altered via circular permutation, and the resulting permuted molecule may have one or more activities of the nonpermuted reporter protein. Accordingly, a circularly permuted reporter protein may be employed in a protein complementation assay or in a protein recombination assay. Moreover, a circularly permuted reporter protein may be engineered to have functionality by introducing an amino acid sequence which directly or indirectly interacts with a molecule of interest or is otherwise sensitive to changes in conditions. In one embodiment, a circularly permuted reporter protein of the invention is a zymogen.

In one embodiment, in the absence of the molecule of interest, the activity of a modified reporter protein such as a modified beetle luciferase is less than the activity of a corresponding unmodified reporter protein, e.g., the reporter activity of the modified beetle luciferase is about 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 20%, 50%, 70% or more, but less than 100% that of a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, the activity of which modified reporter protein is optionally detectable. In another embodiment, in the absence of the molecule of interest, the activity of a modified reporter protein such as a modified beetle luciferase is greater fhan the activity of a corresponding unmodified reporter protein, e.g., the reporter activity of the modified beetle luciferase is about 1.5-fold, e.g., at least 2-, 3- or 5- fold or more, that of a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase. In the presence of the molecule of interest, the activity of the modified reporter protein is detectably altered. For instance, a detectable alteration in activity of a modified beetle luciferase in the presence of a molecule of interest is an alteration of at least 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, or 100%, and up to 2-fold, 4-fold, 10-fold, 100-fold, 1,000-fold, 10,000-fold or more, relative to the activity of the modified beetle luciferase in the absence of the molecule of interest. Thus, the physical proximity of a molecule of interest which interacts with a modification present in the modified reporter protein but not the corresponding unmodified reporter protein, alters, e.g., decreases, eliminates or increases, the activity of the modified reporter protein. For example, a modified beetle luciferase may comprise an internal insertion relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, which insertion comprises a protease recognition site, i.e., a site which is cleaved by a protease. The luminescent signal of such a modified beetle luciferase in the presence of the protease may be decreased, eliminated or increased relative to the luminescent signal of the modified beetle luciferase in the absence of the protease or the luminescent signal of the corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase in the presence or absence of the molecule of interest. Alternatively, a modified beetle luciferase which comprises a deletion relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, may be fused to a ligand which interacts with a molecule of interest. A complementing second fragment of a beetle luciferase is fused to the molecule of interest and the two fusions are allowed to interact, an interaction which alters, e.g., increases, the activity of the resulting complex relative to the activity of either fusion alone. In one embodiment, one fragment of a beetle luciferase has residues corresponding to residues about 1 to 126, about 1 to about 238, about 1 to about 272, about 1 to about 308, about 1 to about 366, about 116 to about 550, about 228 to about 550, about 262 to about 550, about 289 to about 550, or about 356 to about 550, or any integer in between, of a firefly luciferase, or residues about 1 to about 122, about 1 to about 362, about 1 to about 384, about I to about 414, about 352 to about 542, about 371 to about 542, or about 393 to about 542, or any integer in between, of a click beetle luciferase.

The invention also provides for a modified reporter protein which includes heterologous sequences at the N-terminus and C-terminus of a reporter protein, i.e., the modified protein is a fusion protein, which heterologous sequences noncovalently interact, that is, the two heterologous sequences are binding partners. In one embodiment, the modified reporter protein is a circularly permuted beetle luciferase which includes heterologous sequences at the N-terminus and C-terminus. In one embodiment, in the absence of one or more exogenous agents (at least one of which may be a molecule of interest, e.g., one which is to be detected or identified in a sample), a modified reporter protein which has both heterologous sequences, one at the N-terminus and the other at the C-terminus, has less, the same or greater activity than a corresponding unmodified reporter protein. In one embodiment, the modified reporter protein may also lack one or more amino acids present at the N- and/or C-terminus of the unmodified reporter protein, the absence of which does not substantially alter the reporter activity of the modified reporter protein, e.g., the activity of the reporter portion the modified reporter protein is at least 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, 10%, 50%, 100% or greater than the activity of a corresponding reporter protein without the deletion(s). In one embodiment, in the presence of one or more exogenous agents or under specified conditions, the activity of the modified reporter protein having both heterologous sequences, but not the corresponding reporter protein without the heterologous sequences (that is the corresponding unmodified reporter protein), is detectably altered, e.g., by at least 2-, 5-, or 10-fold or more. For instance, in the presence of rapamycin, a luciferase fused to rapamycin binding protein (FRB) and FK506 binding protein (FKBP), has reduced activity relative to a luciferase which lacks FRB and FKBP. In one embodiment, in the absence of the exogenous agent(s) or under different conditions, the modified reporter protein does not have detectable activity, while in other embodiments it has detectable activity, which activity may be enhanced in the presence of at least one exogenous agent or under specified conditions. For example, the modified reporter protein in the absence of an exogenous agent may have little or no activity, but, after addition of a selected exogenous agent which enhances the noncovalent interaction of the two heterologous sequences, the activity of the modified reporter protein is enhanced. Alternatively, the activity of the modified reporter protein having both heterologous sequences may be inhibited in the presence of at least one exogenous agent or under specified conditions. In one embodiment, one heterologous sequence includes a domain, e.g., 3 or more amino acid residues, which optionally may be covalently modified, e.g., phosphorylated, that noncovalently interacts with a domain in the other heterologous sequence. Heterologous sequences useful as binding partners when fused to a beetle luciferase include but are not limited to those which interact in vitro and/or in vivo and optionally which, based on protein modeling for example, have linked sequences that do not participate in binding but are an approximate selected distance apart in the presence or absence of an exogenous agent which alters the interaction of the binding partners, such that their fusion to the ends of a beetle luciferase result in a modulatable beetle luciferase. Exemplary heterologous sequences include but are not limited to sequences such as those in FRB and FKBP, the regulatory subunit of protein kinase (PKa-R) and the catalytic subunit of protein kinase (PKa-C), a src homology region (SH2) and a sequence capable of being phosphorylated, e.g., a tyrosine containing sequence, an isoform of 14-3-3, e.g., 14-3-3t (see Mils et al., 2000), and a sequence capable of being phosphorylated, a protein having a WW region (a sequence in a protein which binds proline rich molecules (see Ilsley et al., 2002; and Einbond et al., 1996) and a heterologous sequence capable of being phosphorylated, e.g., a serine and/or a threonine containing sequence, as well as sequences in dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and gyrase B (GyrB).

In another embodiment, in the presence of one (first) exogenous agent, a modified reporter protein which includes heterologous sequences at the N-terminus and C-terminus which are binding partners, has an altered activity relative to the activity in the absence of the exogenous agent, and in the presence of a different (second) exogenous agent, the activity of the modified reporter protein is altered relative to the activity in the presence of the first exogenous agent, e.g., the second exogenous agent competes with the first exogenous agent. In one embodiment, in the absence of the first exogenous agent, the modified reporter protein has no or low detectable activity, and the addition of the first exogenous agent results in an increase in the activity of the modified reporter protein, which is reversible by the addition of a second exogenous agent. In another embodiment, in the absence of the first exogenous agent, the modified reporter protein has detectable activity, and the addition of the first exogenous agent results in reduced or a lack of detectable activity, or alternatively an increase in detectable activity, which is reversible by the addition of a second exogenous agent. The modified reporter protein optionally may lack one or more amino acids at the N- and/or C-terminus relative to the unmodified reporter protein, for instance a deletion of residue 1 or residues 1 to about 10 or 15, or any integer in between, of the N-terminus and/or corresponding to the last residue or about the last 15, or any integer in between 1 and 15, residues of the C-terminus, of the corresponding unmodified reporter protein.

In yet another embodiment, a modified reporter protein includes a heterologous sequence at the N-terminus or C-terminus which heterologous sequence alters, e.g., inhibits, the activity of the modified reporter protein, which activity is modified, for instance, at least partially restored, by the addition of a first exogenous agent. Optionally, the effect of the first exogenous agent is reversibly altered by a second exogenous agent. In one embodiment, the heterologous sequence may inhibit substrate entry and the conformation of the heterologous sequence is substantially altered in the presence of the first exogenous agent such that the modified reporter protein can interact with its substrate. The modified reporter protein optionally may lack one or more amino acids at the N- and/or C-terminus of the unmodified reporter protein such as those that correspond to residues 1 to about 10 or 15, or any integer in between, of the N-terminus and/or corresponding to the last residue or about the last 15, or any integer in between 1 and 15, residues of the C-terminus, of the corresponding unmodified reporter protein. A heterologous sequence useful in this embodiment is calmodulin (CaM).

Thus, a modified reporter protein may be employed to detect reversible interactions of the binding partners, or reversible conformational changes of a heterologous sequence, which may be enhanced or inhibited by one or more agents or changes in conditions, e.g., ionic strength or temperature.

Accordingly, a modified beetle luciferase of the invention may be employed as a biosensor.

The invention also provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule (polynucleotide) comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a modified reporter protein of the invention. Further provided is an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding fusion protein comprising a modified reporter protein and one or more amino acid residues at the N-terminus (a N-terminal fusion partner) and/or C-terminus (a C-terminal fusion partner) of the modified reporter protein. Thus, as used herein, a “fusion protein” is a polypeptide which includes one or more amino acids at the N-terminus and/or C-terminus of a modified reporter protein of the invention. Preferably, the presence of one or more fusion partners in the fusion protein does not substantially alter the detectable activity of the fusion protein relative to a corresponding modified reporter protein. In one embodiment, the fusion protein comprises at least two different fusion partners, one at the N-terminus and another at the C-terminus of a modified reporter protein. The N- or C-terminal fusion partner may be a sequence used for purification, e.g., a glutathione S-transferase (GST) or a polyHis sequence, a sequence intended to alter a property of the modified reporter protein, e.g., a protein destabilization sequence or a kinase binding domain for a kinase site in the modified reporter protein at a residue or in a region which is tolerant to modifications, or a sequence which has a property which is distinguishable from one or more properties of the reporter protein in the fusion protein. In one embodiment, the fusion protein comprises a modified beetle luciferase and a fusion partner which is a reporter protein that is different than the beetle luciferase, which reporter protein is useful as an intramolecular control, e.g., a fluorescent protein. In another embodiment, the invention includes a vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a fusion protein comprising a modified beetle luciferase of the invention and a nucleic acid fragment which encodes a reporter protein that is different than the beetle luciferase in the modified beetle luciferase. Optionally, optimized nucleic acid sequences, e.g., human codon optimized sequences, encoding at least the beetle luciferase, and preferably the modified beetle luciferase or a fusion protein comprising a modified beetle luciferase, are employed in the nucleic acid molecules of the invention, as those optimized sequences can increase the strength of the signal for beetle luciferase. The optimization of nucleic acid sequences is known to the art, see, for example WO 02/16944.

The invention also includes a stable cell line that expresses a modified reporter protein, e.g., a beetle luciferase, or fusion protein of the invention, as well as an expression cassette comprising a nucleic acid molecule encoding the modified reporter protein or fusion protein of the invention, and a vector capable of expressing the nucleic acid molecule of the invention in a host cell. Preferably, the expression cassette comprises a promoter, e.g., a constitutive or regulatable promoter, operably linked to the nucleic acid sequence. In one embodiment, the expression cassette contains an inducible promoter. Also provided is a host cell, e.g., a prokaryotic cell or an eukaryotic cell such as a plant or vertebrate cell, e.g., a mammalian cell, including but not limited to a human, non-human primate, canine, feline, bovine, equine, ovine or rodent (e.g., rabbit, rat, ferret or mouse) cell, which comprises the expression cassette or vector of the invention, and a kit which comprises the nucleic acid molecule, expression cassette, vector, host cell or modified beetle luciferase or fusion protein of the invention.

A modified reporter protein of the invention may be employed in applications where unmodified reporter proteins cannot, such as, as a functional reporter to measure or detect various conditions and/or molecules of interest. For instance, a vector encoding a modified beetle luciferase comprising an insertion of a protease cleavage recognition site, or the modified beetle luciferase, is introduced to a cell, cell lysate, in vitro transcription/translation mixture, or supernatant, and the activity of the modified beetle luciferase detected or determined, e.g., at one or more time points and relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase. An alteration in luminescent activity in the cell, cell lysate, in vitro transcription/translation mixture, or supernatant over time, and/or relative to a control, e.g., a cell having the corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, indicates the presence of the protease. For instance, the invention includes a method to detect a virus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. The method includes contacting a biological, e.g., a physiological tissue or fluid, sample with a modified reporter protein, e.g., a modified beetle luciferase, comprising an internal insertion relative to a corresponding unmodified reporter protein, which modified reporter protein has a detectable activity. The insertion is at a residue or in a region in the reporter protein sequence which is tolerant to modification and comprises an amino acid recognition sequence for a protease of the virus. It is detected or determined whether the activity of the modified reporter protein in the presence of the sample is altered, thereby indicating whether the sample contains the virus.

The invention also provides a method of detecting the presence of a molecule of interest. For instance, a cell is contacted with a vector comprising a promoter, e.g., a regulatable promoter, and a nucleic acid sequence encoding a modified reporter protein of the invention which comprises an insertion which interacts with the molecule of interest. In one embodiment, a transfected cell is cultured under conditions in which the promoter induces transient expression of the modified reporter protein, and a detectable activity at the modified reporter protein determined.

Also provided is a method to prepare a selected mutated polynucleotide encoding a modified reporter protein. The method includes mutating a parent polynucleotide encoding a modified reporter protein with detectable activity to yield one or more mutated polynucleotides encoding a mutated modified reporter protein. The parent polynucleotide comprises an open reading frame for the modified reporter protein which is modified relative to a corresponding unmodified reporter protein at a residue or in a region which is tolerant to modification. The modified reporter protein comprises an amino acid sequence which directly or indirectly interacts with a molecule of interest or is otherwise sensitive to conditions relative to the corresponding unmodified reporter protein. One or more mutated polynucleotides are selected which encode mutated modified reporter proteins that have an altered interaction with the molecule of interest or altered activity under certain conditions relative to the interaction or activity of the modified reporter protein. In another embodiment, the invention provides a method which includes contacting a modified reporter protein of the invention with a library of molecules, and detecting or determining whether one or more molecules interacts with the modification or a non-reporter protein sequence in the modified reporter protein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Overview of the EZ::TN in frame linker insertion protocol.

FIG. 2. Results for Tn5 insertion mutagenesis into the cbg69 gene. The protein encoded by cbg69 has one amino acid substitution at position 409 (I409V) relative to a wild-type click beetle luciferase (see FIG. 3).

FIG. 3. Positions of Tn5 insertions (bolded) in a click beetle luciferase (SEQ ID NO:89).

FIG. 4. Activity of click beetle luciferases modified with a Tn5 insertion.

FIGS. 5A-C. Activity of a click beetle luciferase modified with a caspase-3 recognition site insertion (cbg69DEVD). A) Relative light units (RLU) in a caspase assay with cbg69ss or cbg69DEVD. B) RLU in a caspase assay with click beetle luciferases and a caspase inhibitor (Ac-DEVD-CHO). C) RLU over time in an assay with varying amounts of caspase-3 and cbg69DEVD.

FIG. 6A. Sequence and activity of click beetle luciferases with modifications in the hinge region, including a protease recognition site, a kinase recognition site, an antibody binding site, and a metal binding site. 6 HIS=6× His-tag; FLAG=DYKDDDDK (SEQ ID NO:4); DEVD (SEQ ID NO:106)=site recognized by caspases 3/7, Pka=Pka kinase site (SEQ ID NOs. 90-96). Insertions were introduced in the hinge region of CbgLuc (I409V) using SnaBI and SalI.

FIG. 6B. SARS virus 3CL protease activity in the presence of modified click beetle luciferases having SARS virus protease recognition sites.

FIG. 6C. Sequence and activity of click beetle luciferases with SARS virus protease recognition sites in the hinge region (SEQ ID Nos. 90-91 and 97-102). Insertions were introduced in the hinge region of CbgLuc (I409V) using SnaBI and SalI.

FIGS. 7A-D. Activity of firefly luciferases modified with an enterokinase recognition site. A) Amino acid sequence of a parental (unmodified) firefly luciferase (luc+) (SEQ ID NO: 103). B) RLU in an enterokinase assay with a modified firefly luciferase having a Gly(3)Asp(4)LysGly(3) insertion after residue 233 or the parental firefly luciferase (WT). C) RLU in an enterokinase assay with a modified firefly luciferase having a ProGlyProGly(3)Asp(4)LysGly(3)ProGlyPro insertion after residue 233 or the parental firefly luciferase (WT). D) RLU in an enterokinase assay with a modified firefly luciferase having an insertion Asp(4)Lys after residue 541 or the parental firefly luciferase (WT).

FIG. 8. Enterokinase activation of a circularly permuted firefly luciferase having an enterokinase site.

FIG. 9. Caspase-3 activation over time by a circularly permuted firefly luciferase having a caspase-3 site.

FIG. 10A. RLU in a caspase assay with various amounts of caspase-3 and a circularly permuted firefly luciferase having a caspase-3 recognition site.

FIG. 10B. RLU in a caspase assay with various amounts of caspase-3 and a circularly permuted firefly luciferase having a caspase-3 recognition site.

FIG. 11. Comparison of data for a circularly permuted firefly luciferase having an enterokinase site or a caspase-3 site.

FIG. 12. Graphs showing SARS virus 3CL protease activity with circularly permuted click beetle (CP1: R=Asn401 and CP2: R=Arg223) and firefly (CP: R=Asp234) luciferases having SARS virus protease recognition sites.

FIG. 13. RLU for a circularly permuted luciferase having a caspase-3 site, which was treated with TRAIL.

FIG. 14. Schematic of vectors for a dual luciferase caspase assay.

FIG. 15. Schematic of pBIND vector and control luciferase construct and N- or C-terminal luciferase constructs for self assembly.

FIG. 16A. SDS-PAGE analysis of full-length firefly luciferase, N-terminal portion of firefly luciferase, C-terminal portion of firefly luciferase or a mixture of the N-terminal and C-terminal portions.

FIG. 16B. In vitro activity of full-length firefly luciferase, N-terminal portion of firefly luciferase, C-terminal portion of firefly luciferase or a mixture of the N-terminal and C-terminal portions.

FIG. 17. In vivo activity of luciferase proteins in CHO or 293 mammalian cell extracts.

FIG. 18. Cloning strategy for preparing constructs to express fusions of luciferase with binding partners X or Y.

FIG. 19. SDS-PAGE gel analysis of unmodified luciferase protein and fusions of luciferase with one or more heterologous sequences generated using an in vitro transcription/translation reaction.

FIG. 20A. Luciferase activity of unmodified luciferase (Luc2), luciferase fused to FRB (rapamycin binding protein), luciferase fused to FKBP (FK506 binding protein) and luciferase fused to FRB and FKBP, in the presence or absence of rapamycin.

FIG. 20B. Luciferase activity of a fusion of luciferase and FRB and FKBP in the presence of increasing concentrations of FK506.

FIG. 21A. SDS-PAGE analysis of fusions of firefly luciferase (Luc2), click beetle luciferase (Cbg and Cbr) and Renilla (RLuc) luciferase with FRB and FKBP.

FIG. 21B. Luciferase activity of FRB and FKBP fusions with firefly luciferase, click beetle luciferases and Renilla luciferase, in the presence or absence of rapamycin.

FIG. 22. Construct for expressing luciferase from a TK promoter.

FIG. 23. Titration of FK506 in the presence of rapamycin in D293 cells transfected with luciferase fused to FRB and FKBP (FRB1-luc2-FKBP), demonstrating inhibition of rapamycin-mediated modulation by FK506.

FIG. 24. Relative luminescence over time in D293 cells transfected with a construct with a TK promoter and a coding region for a FRB-luciferase-FKBP fusion, in the presence or absence of rapamycin.

FIG. 25A-D. Relative luminescence over time in D293 cells transfected with a construct with a CMV promoter linked to a coding region for a FRB-luciferase-FKBP fusion (A), a FRB-luciferase fusion (B), luciferase (C), or a luciferase-FKBP fusion (D), in the presence or absence of rapamycin.

FIG. 26. Relative luminescence of a calmodulin-luciferase fusion in the presence of EGTA or Ca²⁺.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

The term “nucleic acid molecule”, “polynucleotide”, or “nucleic acid sequence” as used herein, refers to nucleic acid, DNA or RNA, that comprises coding sequences necessary for the production of a polypeptide or protein precursor. The encoded polypeptide may be a full-length polypeptide, a fragment thereof (less than full-length), or a fusion of either the full-length polypeptide or fragment thereof with another polypeptide, yielding a fusion polypeptide.

A “nucleic acid”, as used herein, is a covalently linked sequence of nucleotides in which the 3′ position of the pentose of one nucleotide is joined by a phosphodiester group to the 5′ position of the pentose of the next, and in which the nucleotide residues (bases) are linked in specific sequence, i.e., a linear order of nucleotides. A “polynucleotide”, as used herein, is a nucleic acid containing a sequence that is greater than about 100 nucleotides in length. An “oligonucleotide” or “primer”, as used herein, is a short polynucleotide or a portion of a polynucleotide. An oligonucleotide typically contains a sequence of about two to about one hundred bases. The word “oligo” is sometimes used in place of the word “oligonucleotide”.

Nucleic acid molecules are said to have a “5′-terminus” (5′ end) and a “3′-terminus” (3′ end) because nucleic acid phosphodiester linkages occur to the 5′ carbon and 3′ carbon of the pentose ring of the substituent mononucleotides. The end of a polynucleotide at which a new linkage would be to a 5′ carbon is its 5′ terminal nucleotide. The end of a polynucleotide at which a new linkage would be to a 3′ carbon is its 3′ terminal nucleotide. A terminal nucleotide, as used herein, is the nucleotide at the end position of the 3′- or 5′-terminus.

DNA molecules are said to have “5′ ends” and “3′ ends” because mononucleotides are reacted to make oligonucleotides in a manner such that the 5′ phosphate of one mononucleotide pentose ring is attached to the 3′ oxygen of its neighbor in one direction via a phosphodiester linkage. Therefore, an end of an oligonucleotides referred to as the “5′ end” if its 5′ phosphate is not linked to the 3′ oxygen of a mononucleotide pentose ring and as the “3′ end” if its 3′ oxygen is not linked to a 5′ phosphate of a subsequent mononucleotide pentose ring.

As used herein, a nucleic acid sequence, even if internal to a larger oligonucleotide or polynucleotide, also may be said to have 5′ and 3′ ends. In either a linear or circular DNA molecule, discrete elements are referred to as being “upstream” or 5′ of the “downstream” or 3′ elements. This terminology reflects the fact that transcription proceeds in a 5′ to 3′ fashion along the DNA strand. Typically, promoter and enhancer elements that direct transcription of a linked gene (e.g., open reading frame or coding region) are generally located 5′ or upstream of the coding region. However, enhancer elements can exert their effect even when located 3′ of the promoter element and the coding region. Transcription termination and polyadenylation signals are located 3′ or downstream of the coding region.

The term “codon” as used herein, is a basic genetic coding unit, consisting of a sequence of three nucleotides that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a polypeptide chain, or a start or stop signal. The term “coding region” when used in reference to structural gene refers to the nucleotide sequences that encode the amino acids found in the nascent polypeptide as a result of translation of a mRNA molecule. Typically, the coding region is bounded on the 5′ side by the nucleotide triplet “ATG” which encodes the initiator methionine and on the 3′ side by a stop codon (e.g., TAA, TAG, TGA). In some cases the coding region is also known to initiate by a nucleotide triplet “TTG”.

The term “gene” refers to a DNA sequence that comprises coding sequences and optionally control sequences necessary for the production of a polypeptide from the DNA sequence.

As used herein, the term “heterologous” nucleic acid sequence or protein refers to a sequence that relative to a reference sequence has a different source, e.g., originates from a foreign species, or, if from the same species, it may be substantially modified from the original form.

Nucleic acids are known to contain different types of mutations. A “point” mutation refers to an alteration in the sequence of a nucleotide at a single base position from the wild-type sequence. Mutations may also refer to insertion or deletion of one or more bases, so that the nucleic acid sequence differs from a reference, e.g., a wild-type, sequence.

As used herein, the terms “hybridize” and “hybridization” refer to the annealing of a complementary sequence to the target nucleic acid, i.e., the ability of two polymers of nucleic acid (polynucleotides) containing complementary sequences to anneal through base pairing. The terms “annealed” and “hybridized” are used interchangeably throughout, and are intended to encompass any specific and reproducible interaction between a complementary sequence and a target nucleic acid, including binding of regions having only partial complementarity. Certain bases not commonly found in natural nucleic acids may be included in the nucleic acids of the present invention and include, for example, inosine and 7-deazaguanine. Those skilled in the art of nucleic acid technology can determine duplex stability empirically considering a number of variables including, for example, the length of the complementary sequence, base composition and sequence of the oligonucleotide, ionic strength and incidence of mismatched base pairs. The stability of a nucleic acid duplex is measured by the melting temperature, or “T_(m)”. The T_(m) of a particular nucleic acid duplex under specified conditions is the temperature at which on average half of the base pairs have disassociated.

The term “recombinant DNA molecule” means a hybrid DNA sequence comprising at least two nucleotide sequences not normally found together in nature.

The term “vector” is used in reference to nucleic acid molecules into which fragments of DNA may be inserted or cloned and can be used to transfer DNA segment(s) into a cell and capable of replication in a cell. Vectors may be derived from plasmids, bacteriophages, viruses, cosmids, and the like.

The terms “recombinant vector” and “expression vector” as used herein refer to DNA or RNA sequences containing a desired coding sequence and appropriate DNA or RNA sequences necessary for the expression of the operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism. Prokaryotic expression vectors include a promoter, a ribosome binding site, an origin of replication for autonomous replication in a host cell and possibly other sequences, e.g. an optional operator sequence, optional restriction enzyme sites. A promoter is defined as a DNA sequence that directs RNA polymerase to bind to DNA and to initiate RNA synthesis. Eukaryotic expression vectors include a promoter, optionally a polyadenlyation signal and optionally an enhancer sequence.

A polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein or polypeptide means a nucleic acid sequence comprising the coding region of a gene, or in other words the nucleic acid sequence encodes a gene product. The coding region may be present in either a cDNA, genomic DNA or RNA form. When present in a DNA form, the oligonucleotide may be single-stranded (i.e., the sense strand) or double-stranded. Suitable control elements such as enhancers/promoters, splice junctions, polyadenylation signals, etc. may be placed in close proximity to the coding region of the gene if needed to permit proper initiation of transcription and/or correct processing of the primary RNA transcript. Alternatively, the coding region utilized in the expression vectors of the present invention may contain endogenous enhancers/promoters, splice junctions, intervening sequences, polyadenylation signals, etc. In further embodiments, the coding region may contain a combination of both endogenous and exogenous control elements.

The term “transcription regulatory element” or “transcription regulatory sequence” refers to a genetic element or sequence that controls some aspect of the expression of nucleic acid sequence(s). For example, a promoter is a regulatory element that facilitates the initiation of transcription of an operably linked coding region. Other regulatory elements include, but are not limited to, transcription factor binding sites, splicing signals, polyadenylation signals, termination signals and enhancer elements.

Transcriptional control signals in eukaryotes comprise “promoter” and “enhancer” elements. Promoters and enhancers consist of short arrays of DNA sequences that interact specifically with cellular proteins involved in transcription. Promoter and enhancer elements have been isolated from a variety of eukaryotic sources including genes in yeast, insect and mammalian cells. Promoter and enhancer elements have also been isolated from viruses and analogous control elements, such as promoters, are also found in prokaryotes. The selection of a particular promoter and enhancer depends on the cell type used to express the protein of interest. Some eukaryotic promoters and enhancers have a broad host range while others are functional in a limited subset of cell types. For example, the SV40 early gene enhancer is very active in a wide variety of cell types from many mammalian species and has been widely used for the expression of proteins in mammalian cells. Two other examples of promoter/enhancer elements active in a broad range of mammalian cell types are those from the human elongation factor 1 gene and the long terminal repeats of the Rous sarcoma virus; and the human cytomegalovirus.

The term “promoter/enhancer” denotes a segment of DNA containing sequences capable of providing both promoter and enhancer functions (i.e., the functions provided by a promoter element and an enhancer element as described above). For example, the long terminal repeats of retroviruses contain both promoter and enhancer functions. The enhancer/promoter may be “endogenous” or “exogenous” or “heterologous.” An “endogenous” enhancer/promoter is one that is naturally linked with a given gene in the genome. An “exogenous” or “heterologous” enhancer/promoter is one that is placed in juxtaposition to a gene by means of genetic manipulation (i.e., molecular biological techniques) such that transcription of the gene is directed by the linked enhancer/promoter.

The presence of “splicing signals” on an expression vector often results in higher levels of expression of the recombinant transcript in eukaryotic host cells. Splicing signals mediate the removal of introns from the primary RNA transcript and consist of a splice donor and acceptor site. A commonly used splice donor and acceptor site is the splice junction from the 16S RNA of SV40.

Efficient expression of recombinant DNA sequences in eukaryotic cells requires expression of signals directing the efficient termination and polyadenylation of the resulting transcript. Transcription termination signals are generally found downstream of the polyadenylation signal and are a few hundred nucleotides in length. The term “poly(A) site” or “poly(A) sequence” as used herein denotes a DNA sequence which directs both the termination and polyadenylation of the nascent RNA transcript. Efficient polyadenylation of the recombinant transcript is desirable, as transcripts lacking a poly(A) tail are unstable and are rapidly degraded. The poly(A) signal utilized in an expression vector may be “heterologous” or “endogenous.” An endogenous poly(A) signal is one that is found naturally at the 3′ end of the coding region of a given gene in the genome. A heterologous poly(A) signal is one which has been isolated from one gene and positioned 3′ to another gene. A commonly used heterologous poly(A) signal is the SV40 poly(A) signal. The SV40 poly(A) signal is contained on a 237 bp BamH I/Bcl I restriction fragment and directs both termination and polyadenylation.

Eukaryotic expression vectors may also contain “viral replicons” or “viral origins of replication.” Viral replicons are viral DNA sequences that allow for the extrachromosomal replication of a vector in a host cell expressing the appropriate replication factors. Vectors containing either the SV40 or polyoma virus origin of replication replicate to high copy number (up to 10⁴ copies/cell) in cells that express the appropriate viral T antigen. In contrast, vectors containing the replicons from bovine papillomavirus or Epstein-Barr virus replicate extrachromosomally at low copy number (about 100 copies/cell).

The term “in vitro” refers to an artificial environment and to processes or reactions that occur within an artificial environment. In vitro environments include, but are not limited to, test tubes and cell lysates. The term “in vivo” refers to the natural environment (e.g., an animal or a cell) and to processes or reaction that occur within a natural environment.

The term “expression system” refers to any assay or system for determining (e.g., detecting) the expression of a gene of interest. Those skilled in the field of molecular biology will understand that any of a wide variety of expression systems may be used. A wide range of suitable mammalian cells are available from a wide range of source (e.g., the American Type Culture Collection, Rockland, Md.). The method of transformation or transfection and the choice of expression vehicle will depend on the host system selected. Transformation and transfection methods are well known to the art. Expression systems include in vitro gene expression assays where a gene of interest (e.g., a reporter gene) is linked to a regulatory sequence and the expression of the gene is monitored following treatment with an agent that inhibits or induces expression of the gene. Detection of gene expression can be through any suitable means including, but not limited to, detection of expressed mRNA or protein (e.g., a detectable product of a reporter gene) or through a detectable change in the phenotype of a cell expressing the gene of interest. Expression systems may also comprise assays where a cleavage event or other nucleic acid or cellular change is detected.

The term “wild-type” as used herein, refers to a gene or gene product that has the characteristics of that gene or gene product isolated from a naturally occurring source. A wild-type gene is that which is most frequently observed in a population and is thus arbitrarily designated the “wild-type” form of the gene. In contrast, the term “mutant” refers to a gene or gene product that displays modifications in sequence and/or functional properties (i.e., altered characteristics) when compared to the wild-type gene or gene product. It is noted that naturally-occurring mutants can be isolated; these are identified by the fact that they have altered characteristics when compared to the wild-type gene or gene product.

The term “isolated” when used in relation to a nucleic acid, as in “isolated oligonucleotide” or “isolated polynucleotide” refers to a nucleic acid sequence that is identified and separated from at least one contaminant with which it is ordinarily associated in its source. Thus, an isolated nucleic acid is present in a form or setting that is different from that in which it is found in nature. In contrast, non-isolated nucleic acids (e.g., DNA and RNA) are found in the state they exist in nature. For example, a given DNA sequence (e.g., a gene) is found on the host cell chromosome in proximity to neighboring genes; RNA sequences (e.g., a specific mRNA sequence encoding a specific protein), are found in the cell as a mixture with numerous other mRNAs that encode a multitude of proteins. However, isolated nucleic acid includes, by way of example, such nucleic acid in cells ordinarily expressing that nucleic acid where the nucleic acid is in a chromosomal location different from that of natural cells, or is otherwise flanked by a different nucleic acid sequence than that found in nature. The isolated nucleic acid or oligonucleotide may be present in single-stranded or double-stranded form. When an isolated nucleic acid or oligonucleotide is to be utilized to express a protein, the oligonucleotide contains at a minimum, the sense or coding strand (i.e., the oligonucleotide may single-stranded), but may contain both the sense and anti-sense strands (i.e., the oligonucleotide may be double-stranded).

By “peptide,” “protein” and “polypeptide” is meant any chain of amino acids, regardless of length or post-translational modification (e.g., glycosylation or phosphorylation). The nucleic acid molecules of the invention may also encode a variant of a naturally-occurring protein or polypeptide fragment thereof, which has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, 90%, 95% or 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of the naturally-occurring (native or wild-type) protein from which it is derived. The term “fusion polypeptide” or “fusion protein” refers to a chimeric protein containing a reference protein (e.g., luciferase) joined at the N- and/or C-terminus to one or more heterologous sequences (e.g., a non-luciferase polypeptide). In some embodiments, a modified polypeptide, fusion polypeptide or a portion of a full-length polypeptide of the invention, may retain at least some of the activity of a corresponding full-length functional (nonchimeric) polypeptide. In other embodiments, in the absence of an exogenous agent or molecule of interest, a modified polypeptide, fusion polypeptide or portion of a full-length functional polypeptide of the invention, may lack activity relative to a corresponding full-length functional polypeptide. In other embodiments, a modified polypeptide, fusion polypeptide or portion of a full-length functional polypeptide of the invention in the presence of an exogenous agent may retain at least some or have substantially the same activity, or alternatively lack activity, relative to a corresponding full-length functional polypeptide.

Polypeptide molecules are said to have an “amino terminus” (N-terminus) and a “carboxy terminus” (C-terminus) because peptide linkages occur between the backbone amino group of a first amino acid residue and the backbone carboxyl group of a second amino acid residue. The terms “N-terminal” and “C-terminal” in reference to polypeptide sequences refer to regions of polypeptides including portions of the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of the polypeptide, respectively. A sequence that includes a portion of the N-terminal region of polypeptide includes amino acids predominantly from the N-terminal half of the polypeptide chain, but is not limited to such sequences. For example, an N-terminal sequence may include an interior portion of the polypeptide sequence including bases from both the N-terminal and C-terminal halves of the polypeptide. The same applies to C-terminal regions. N-terminal and C-terminal regions may, but need not, include the amino acid defining the ultimate N-terminus and C-terminus of the polypeptide, respectively.

The term “recombinant protein” or “recombinant polypeptide” as used herein refers to a protein molecule expressed from a recombinant DNA molecule. In contrast, the term “native protein” is used herein to indicate a protein isolated from a naturally occurring (i.e., a nonrecombinant) source. Molecular biological techniques may be used to produce a recombinant form of a protein with identical properties as compared to the native form of the protein.

The terms “cell,” “cell line,” “host cell,” as used herein, are used interchangeably, and all such designations include progeny or potential progeny of these designations. By “transformed cell” is meant a cell into which (or into an ancestor of which) has been introduced a nucleic acid molecule of the invention. Optionally, a nucleic acid molecule of the invention may be introduced into a suitable cell line so as to create a stably-transfected cell line capable of producing the protein or polypeptide encoded by the gene. Vectors, cells, and methods for constructing such cell lines are well known in the art. The words “transformants” or “transformed cells” include the primary transformed cells derived from the originally transformed cell without regard to the number of transfers. All progeny may not be precisely identical in DNA content, due to deliberate or inadvertent mutations. Nonetheless, mutant progeny that have the same functionality as screened for in the originally transformed cell are included in the definition of transformants.

The term “homology” refers to a degree of complementarity between two or more sequences. There may be partial homology or complete homology (i.e., identity). Homology is often measured using sequence analysis software (e.g., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group. University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center. 1710 University Avenue. Madison, Wis. 53705). Such software matches similar sequences by assigning degrees of homology to various substitutions, deletions, insertions, and other modifications. Conservative substitutions typically include substitutions within the following groups: glycine, alanine; valine, isoleucine, leucine; aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine; serine, threonine; lysine, arginine; and phenylalanine, tyrosine.

The term “isolated” when used in relation to a polypeptide, as in “isolated protein” or “isolated polypeptide” refers to a polypeptide that is identified and separated from at least one contaminant with which it is ordinarily associated in its source. Thus, an isolated polypeptide is present in a form or setting that is different from that in which it is found in nature. In contrast, non-isolated polypeptides (e.g., proteins and enzymes) are found in the state they exist in nature.

The term “purified” or “to purify” means the result of any process that removes some of a contaminant from the component of interest, such as a protein or nucleic acid. The percent of a purified component is thereby increased in the sample.

As used herein, “pure” means an object species is the predominant species present (i.e., on a molar basis it is more abundant than any other individual species in the composition), and preferably a substantially purified fraction is a composition wherein the object species comprises at least about 50 percent (on a molar basis) of all macromolecular species present. Generally, a “substantially pure” composition will comprise more than about 80 percent of all macromolecular species present in the composition, more preferably more than about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, and about 99%. Most preferably, the object species is purified to essential homogeneity (contaminant species cannot be detected in the composition by conventional detection methods) wherein the composition consists essentially of a single macromolecular species.

The term “operably linked” as used herein refer to the linkage of nucleic acid sequences in such a manner that a nucleic acid molecule capable of directing the transcription of a given gene and/or the synthesis of a desired protein molecule is produced. The term also refers to the linkage of sequences encoding amino acids in such a manner that a functional (e.g., enzymatically active, capable of binding to a binding partner, capable of inhibiting, etc.) protein or polypeptide is produced.

As used herein, the term “poly-histidine tract” or (His tag) refers to a molecule comprising two to ten histidine residues, e.g., a poly-histidine tract of five to ten residues. A poly-histidine tract allows the affinity purification of a covalently linked molecule on an immobilized metal, e.g., nickel, zinc, cobalt or copper, chelate column or through an interaction with another molecule (e.g., an antibody reactive with the His tag).

A “protein destabilization sequence” includes, but is not limited to, a PEST sequence, for example, a PEST sequence from cyclin, e.g., mitotic cyclins, uracil pernease or ODC, a sequence from the C-terminal region of a short-lived protein such as ODC, early response proteins such as cytokines, lymphokines, protooncogenes, e.g., c-myc or c-fos, MyoD, HMG CoA reductase, or S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase, CL sequences, a cyclin destruction box, or N-degron.

As used herein, a “marker gene” or “reporter gene” is a gene that imparts a distinct phenotype to cells expressing the gene and thus permits cells having the gene to be distinguished from cells that do not have the gene. Such genes may encode either a selectable or screenable marker, depending on whether the marker confers a trait which one can ‘select’ for by chemical means, i.e., through the use of a selective agent (e.g., a herbicide, antibiotic, or the like), or whether it is simply a “reporter” trait that one can identify through observation or testing, i.e., by ‘screening’. Elements of the present disclosure are exemplified in detail through the use of particular marker genes. Of course, many examples of suitable marker genes or reporter genes are known to the art and can be employed in the practice of the invention. Therefore, it will be understood that the following discussion is exemplary rather than exhaustive. In light of the techniques disclosed herein and the general recombinant techniques which are known in the art, the present invention renders possible the alteration of any gene. Exemplary modified reporter proteins are encoded by nucleic acid molecules comprising modified reporter genes including, but are not limited to, modifications of a neo gene, a β-gal gene, a gus gene, a cat gene, a gpt gene, a hyg gene, a hisD gene, a ble gene, a mprt gene, a bar gene, a nitrilase gene, a galactopyranoside gene, a xylosidase gene, a thymidine kinase gene, an arabinosidase gene, a mutant acetolactate synthase gene (ALS) or acetoacid synthase gene (AAS), a methotrexate-resistant dhfr gene, a dalapon dehalogenase gene, a mutated anthranilate synthase gene that confers resistance to 5-methyl tryptophan (WO 97/26366), an R-locus gene, a β-lactamase gene, a xy/E gene, an α-amylase gene, a tyrosinase gene, a luciferase (luc) gene, (e.g., a Renilla reniformis luciferase gene, a firefly luciferase gene, or a click beetle luciferase (Pyrophorus plagiophthalamus) gene), an aequorin gene, a red fluorescent protein gene, or a green fluorescent protein gene.

All amino acid residues identified herein are in the natural L-configuration. In keeping with standard polypeptide nomenclature, abbreviations for amino acid residues are as shown in the following Table of Correspondence.

Table of Correspondence

1-Letter 3-Letter AMINO ACID Y Tyr L-tyrosine G Gly L-glycine F Phe L-phenylalanine M Met L-methionine A Ala L-alanine S Ser L-serine I Ile L-isoleucine L Leu L-leucine T Thr L-threonine V Val L-valine P Pro L-proline K Lys L-lysine H His L-histidine Q Gln L-glutamine E Glu L-glutamic acid W Trp L-tryptophan R Arg L-arginine D Asp L-aspartic acid N Asn L-asparagine C Cys L-cysteine I. Methods to Identify Residues or Regions of a Reporter Protein Which are Tolerant to Modification

Numerous methods are available to identify sites and/or regions in a reporter protein gene which may be modified, e.g., disrupted, yet when transcribed and translated, yield a desirable, for instance, a readily detectable, gene product. For instance, amplification reactions may be employed to delete and/or insert nucleotides for one or more amino acid residues in a reporter protein gene. Alternatively, transposons may be employed to prepare libraries of insertional mutations. Transposons are mobile DNA sequences found in the genomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Transposon tagging has long been recognized as a powerful research tool for randomly distributing primer binding sites, creating gene “knockouts,” and introducing a physical tag or a genetic tag into large target DNAs. Insertions in a reporter gene useful to prepare the modified reporter proteins of the invention are those which are internal, in frame insertions in the coding region for the reporter protein. The following examples, which are for illustration only, describe the use of a Tn5-based system (EZ::TN™ from Epicentre, Madison, Wis.) and a Tn7-based system (GPS-M Mutagenesis System, New England Biolabs, Inc.) to identify regions in a reporter gene which are tolerant to insertions.

A. Tn-5 Insertional Mutagenesis

One frequently used transposition system is the Tn5 system isolated from gram-negative bacteria. The Tn5 transposase is a small, single subunit enzyme that has been cloned and purified to high specific activity, and carries out transposition without the need for host cell factors. Moreover, Tn5 transposon insertions into target DNA are highly random, and proceed by a simple process. Tn5 transposase will transpose any DNA sequence contained between its short 19 basepair Mosaic End (ME) Tn5 transposase recognition sequences. An overview of the EZ::TN in frame linker insertion protocol is shown in FIG. 1.

i. Transposon Insertion Reaction

Target DNA Preparation. The target reporter DNA is selected as one which is not encoded by a transposon gene, e.g., a kanamycin resistance gene. While the transposon insertion reaction is not significantly inhibited by high levels of RNA contamination in target DNA preparations, if the target DNA is heavily contaminated with chromosomal DNA, which is a direct competitor for target transposition, the number of clones is reduced. Plasmid and cosmid clones can be purified by standard minilysate procedures and used as target DNA in the insertion reaction. Low copy-number vectors, for example, BAC or cosmid clones, are often contaminated with a higher molar proportion of E. coli chromosomal DNA, thus reducing the transposon insertion frequency. Therefore, it is preferred BAC and cosmid DNA are purified, to remove the chromosomal DNA prior to the insertion reaction.

In Vitro Transposon Insertion Reaction. Reaction conditions are optimized to maximize the efficiency of the transposon insertion while minimizing multiple insertion events. For example, an equimolar amount of the transposon is added to the moles of target DNA.

-   -   1. Prepare the transposon insertion reaction mixture by adding         in the following order:         -   1 μl 10× reaction buffer         -   0.2 μg target DNA*         -   x μl molar equivalent transposon         -   x μl sterile water to a reaction volume of 9 μl         -   1 μl transposase         -   10 μl total reaction volume     -   2. Incubate the reaction mixture for 2 hours at 37° C.     -   3. Stop the reaction by adding μl stop solution.     -   Mix and heat for 10 minutes at 70° C.     -   The reaction mixture may be stored at −20° C.         ii. Selection of Transposon Insertion Clones

Transformation and Recovery. The number of transposon insertion clones obtained per reaction depends on, among other factors, the transformation efficiency of the competent cells used. The greater the transformation efficiency of the competent cells, the greater the number of insertion clones obtained. A recA⁻ strain of E. coli is preferred to eliminate the possibility of generating multimeric forms of the vector. Also, the host strain must not express any antibiotic resistance marker, e.g., a kanamycin resistance marker, present in the transposon.

-   -   1. Using 1 μl of the insertion reaction mixture, transform         recA⁻ E. coli, e.g., electrocompetent cells.

2. Recover the electroporated cells by adding SOC medium to the electroporation cuvette to 1 ml final volume immediately after electroporation. Pipette the medium/cells gently to mix. Transfer to a tube and incubate on a 37° C. shaker for 30-60 minutes to facilitate cell outgrowth.

Plating and Selecting Transformants. Transposon insertion clones are selected on antibiotic-containing plates. For Tn5, kanamycin-containing plates may be used, however, the transposon can also confer resistance to neomycin and G418 in E. coli.

-   -   1. Plate portions of cells onto LB plates containing 50 μg/ml         kanamycin.     -   2. To determine the transposon insertion efficiency, plate         identical dilutions and dilution aliquots of the transformation         reaction on a second plate containing an antibiotic specific for         selecting target DNA (e.g., 100 μg/ml ampicillin for the control         DNA). The transposition frequency is given by the ratio of         KanR/AmpR clones for the control DNA.     -   3. Grow plates overnight at 37° C. Assuming a transposon         insertion efficiency of 1% and use of high purity target DNA         (i.e., little or no chromosomal DNA contamination), there are         about 100-500 KanR clones per plate.         iii. Generating an in Frame 19 Codon Insertion

Transposon Insertion Mapping. Tn5 randomly inserts into target DNA. Therefore, the transposon insertion site in each clone should be determined prior to restriction endonuclease digestion, e.g., NotI digestion, by one of three methods:

-   -   1. Insertion clones can be sequenced bidirectionally using         forward and reverse transposon-specific primers. The insertion         site of each clone can also be mapped prior to sequencing.     -   2. Insertion sites can be mapped by size analysis of PCR         products using colony minilysate DNA as a template. To map the         insertion sites, forward or reverse transposon-specific primers         and a vector-specific flanking primers may be employed.     -   3. Alternatively, insertion sites can be mapped by restriction         endonuclease digest(s).

Once the transposon insertion site of the desired clones is determined, the clones are individually digested with a restriction enzyme, e.g., NotI, to linearize the DNA. The linearized DNA is then purified (e.g., by agarose gel electrophoresis, column purification, and the like).

Religation and Transformation. The linearized clones are religated using T4 DNA ligase. Successful religation regenerates a single restriction site, e.g., NotI, and creates the 57 nucleotide (19 codon) insertion into all three reading frames. The religated DNA is transformed into selected cells and recombinants selected using an antibiotic marker present on the original cloning vector (e.g., ampicillin for the control DNA).

Analysis of the 19 Codon Insertion Clones. Nine of the 57 nucleotides are the result of a 9 bp sequence duplication immediately flanking the transposon insertion site. The amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the target DNA is conserved on both sides of the 19 codon insertion.

iv. DNA Sequencing of Transposon Insertion Clones

Primer Consideration. Primers should be constructed to minimize homology to commonly used cloning vectors, and the sequence of each primer should be compared to that of the user's specific cloning vector to ensure minimal sequence homology to the vector.

Target Site Duplication. Tn5-catalyzed transposon insertion results in the generation of a 9 bp target site sequence duplication where one copy immediately flanks each side of the inserted transposon.

Distinguishing Transposon Sequence for Insert Sequence. If the primers anneal to a region near the ends of the transposon, the first sequence data obtained from each sequencing reaction is that of Transposon DNA.

B. Tn7-Based Insertional Mutagenesis

The GPS-M Mutagenesis System uses TnsABC* Transposase to insert a Tn7-based transposon randomly into a DNA target. Target DNA may be a plasmid, cosmid, BAC or purified chromosomal DNA. If the insertion site is within a translated gene segment, this will normally result in a null (loss of function) mutation. There is minimal site preference for insertion, so disruption of any open reading frame is possible. Due to target immunity, only one insertion occurs per DNA molecule in vivo over a distance of about 190 kb. Therefore, the in vitro reaction produces a population of target DNA molecules each containing the transposable element at a different position.

The transposon donor can be modified by adding to or replacing the antibiotic, e.g., kanamycin, resistance marker. The donor plasmid may be grown in standard laboratory E. coli strains, and the vector backbone carries a different antibiotic marker, e.g., Ampr, than the transposon and an origin of replication. To destroy unreacted donor molecules and avoid undesirable reaction products, the donor can be destroyed by digestion with a rare-cutting enzyme, for instance, PI-SceI (VDE). For applications in which the mutagenized DNA is transformed into naturally-competent organisms (which take up single DNA strands), the gaps are filled-in and ligated.

i. Reaction Protocol

-   -   1. Mix the following reagents (per 20 μl reaction):         -   2 μl 10× buffer         -   1 μl supercoiled custom donor (0.02 μg)         -   0.08 μg target DNA         -   dH₂O         -   18 μl Total Volume

Mix well by pipetting up and down a few times.

-   -   2. Add 1 μl transposase to each tube. Mix again.     -   3. Incubate for 10 minutes at 37° C. This is the assembly         reaction.     -   4. Add 1 μl start solution to each tube. Mix well by pipetting         up and down a few times.     -   5. Incubate for 1 hour at 37° C. This is the strand transfer         reaction.     -   6. Heat inactivate at 75° C. for 10 minutes. Note: 65° C. is not         adequate.     -   7. Optional gap repair.     -   8. Add 5 μl 10× P1-SceI Buffer         -   0.5 μl BSA         -   18.5 μl dH₂O         -   6 μl P1-SceI (VDE) (6 units)     -   9. Incubate for 1-2 hours at 37° C.     -   10. Incubate for 10 minutes at 75° C.     -   11. Transform. For chemical transformation with subcloning         efficiency cells (107 per microgram of pUC), transform 1 μl and         10 μl of undiluted reaction. For electroporation (>10⁹ per         microgram of pUC), dilute 10-fold in dH₂O and transform 1 μl and         10 μl. To outgrow, dilute the transformation mixture into 1 ml         LB or as directed by the manufacturer, and incubate for 1 hour         at 37° C. with aeration. This period without selection is         necessary for expression of drug resistance, especially         kanamycin.         ii. General Considerations

Amount of Target. The recommended mass of target DNA (0.08 μg per reaction) works well for plasmid targets. For cosmids and BACs, a molar ratio of around 2:1 (donor to target) works well. Increasing the ratio to 4:1 decreases the efficiency slightly.

Donor:Target Ratio. The recommended donor:target mass ratio (1:4, 0.08 μg target per 20 μl reaction) is optimal. Small deviations produce only small changes in the number of recovered products. However, saturating amounts of donor inhibit the reaction and may lead to accumulation of double insertions.

Order of Addition. Water, target DNA, buffer and donor plasmid should be added first, followed by transposase. The start solution should be added only after the assembly reaction.

Assembly Reaction. If this step is omitted, the proportion of complicated products is increased.

Time of Incubation. The reaction is linear at 37° C. for at least one hour. Extremely long incubation times may lead to accumulation of double insertions.

Temperature of Incubation. The reaction proceeds, but more slowly, at room temperature and at 30° C. For reactions with BACs, 30° C. is recommended.

Heat Killing. Heating at 75° C. for 10 minutes effectively disrupts the reaction complexes. Heating at 65° C. for 20 minutes is not adequate. Phenol/chloroform extraction followed by alcohol precipitation is also effective.

Scaling the Procedure. Increase or reduce the final volume and the volume of all components by the same percentage; the relative concentrations of the two DNA species and the proteins are very important, as are the buffer conditions.

Enzyme Names. P1-SceI (VDE) is not the same as 1-SceI. Use P1-SceI (VDE) to digest the donor and Sce1 for mapping insertions obtained.

Gap Repair. This step is not required for transformation into E. coli and is necessary only when the desired application involves transformation into naturally competent bacteria. Naturally competent bacteria include members of the genera Neisseria, Haemophilus, Bacillus, Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. DNA uptake into these organisms involves degradation of one strand, concomitant with internalization of the other strand. Without gap repair, the 5-base gaps at the transposon insertion site will unlink the transposon insertion from flanking DNA on one side or the other. Organisms in which competence is induced chemically or by electroporation (e.g., E. coli and other enteric bacteria tissue culture cells, etc.) take up both DNA strands. Gaps at the insertion site are efficiently repaired by the cellular machinery.

iii. GAP Repair Protocol

-   -   7. Phenol/chloroform extract (50 μl).     -   8. Ethanol precipitate:         -   6 μl 3M NaAcetate         -   100 μl EtOH         -   Incubate for 20 minutes at −20° C.         -   Centrifuge for 10 minutes in a microfuge     -   9. Resuspend in 15 μl TE.         -   10. 1 μl DNA Polymerase I (E. coli) (10 units)         -   3 μl 10× EcoPol Buffer         -   9 μl dNTP (at 100 μM each nucleotide; final concentration 33             μM each)     -   11. Incubate for 15 minutes at room temperature.     -   12. Add 1 μl T4 DNA ligase (400 units) and ATP to a final         concentration of 1 mM.     -   13. Incubate for 4 hours at 16° C.     -   14. Phenol/chloroform extract.     -   15. Alcohol precipitate.     -   16. Resuspend in 20 μl TE.     -   17. Add 5 μl 10× P1-SceI Buffer         -   0.5 μl BSA         -   18.5 μl dH₂O         -   6 μl P1-SceI (VDE) (6 units)     -   18. Incubate for 1-2 hours at 37° C.     -   19. Incubate for 10 minutes at 75° C.     -   20. Transform according to the appropriate method.         iv. Donor Manipulation     -   1. The transposon donor must be supercoiled. The efficiency of         reaction using a relaxed or linear donor is reduced by about         100-fold. The donor preparation should be good quality, but         CsCl-purification is not necessary.     -   2. Essential recognition elements for the transposase are not         dispensable. There may be stop codons in all frames reading into         the transposon. Transcription can proceed into the dispensable         region from outside without difficulty.     -   3. Transposition efficiency may decline somewhat as the         transposon becomes longer.     -   4. For best results, ensure that your transposon donor plasmid         is monomeric.     -   5. The P1-SceI digestion step may be omitted if the donor         preparation is monomeric and supercoiled and if the donor         molecules will not replicate in the host organism.         v. Target DNA Requirements

Plasmid targets for sequencing should be in circular form to facilitate recovery. Linear (e.g., chromosomal) DNA is an efficient substrate. A repair and ligation step is required before transformation, when using naturally transformable organisms. Large plasmids, such as cosmids and BACs, are usable targets. Target DNA must be at least 5 μg/ ml in a no-salt buffer such as 1× TE. The concentration can be estimated by comparison of agarose gel band intensity with a DNA of known concentration or by absorbance at 260.

II. Exemplary Modifications

Once a site or region in a reporter protein is identified that is tolerant to modification, that site or region may be modified by deletion of one or more residues, insertion of one or more residues and/or by circular permutation or any combination thereof. In one embodiment, the modification may be the introduction of a recognition site for a hydrolase including but not limited to proteases, peptidases, esterases (e.g., cholesterol esterase), phosphatases (e.g., alkaline phosphatase) and the like. For instance, hydrolases include, but are not limited to, enzymes acting on peptide bonds (peptide hydrolases) such as aminopeptidases, dipeptidases, dipeptidyl-peptidases and tripeptidyl-peptidases, peptidyl-dipeptidases, serine-type carboxypeptidases, metallocarboxypeptidases, cysteine-type carboxypeptidases, omega peptidases, serine endopeptidases, cysteine endopeptidases, aspartic endopeptidases, metalloendopeptidases, threonine endopeptidases, and endopeptidases of unknown catalytic mechanism. For example, a modified beetle luciferase of the invention may comprise an enterokinase cleavage site, a caspase cleavage site, a coronavirus protease site (STLQ-SGLRKMA; SEQ ID NO:10), a kinase site, a HIV-1 protease site (SQNY-PIVQ or KAVRL-AEAMS; SEQ ID NO:11 and SEQ ID NO:12, respectively), a HCV protease site (AEDVVCC-SMSYS; SEQ ID NO:13) (see, e.g., Lee et al., 2003), a SARS virus protease site (e.g., QTSITSAVLQSGFRKMAFPS; SEQ ID NO:16, or VRQCSGVTFQGKFKKIVKGT; SEQ ID NO:17), a rhinovirus protease site, e.g., rhinovirus 3C protease site, a prohormone convertase site, an interleukin-16-converting enzyme site, a CMV assembling site, a leishmandysin site, B. anthracis lethal factor, a botulinum neurotoxin light chain protease site, a β-secretase site for amyloid precursor protein (VKM-DAEF; SEQ ID NO:14), prostate specific antigen sequence, a thrombin site, a renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme site, a cathepsin D site, a matrix metalloproteinase site, a uPA site, a plasmin site, a binding site for a cation, such as a calcium binding domain, a calmodulin binding domain, a cellulose binding domain, a chitin binding domain, a maltose binding protein domain, or a biotin binding domain. In another embodiment, a modified reporter protein of the invention may comprise a sequence recognized by a ligand such as an antibody or a metal such as calcium.

III. Exemplary Polynucleotides and Proteins

The invention includes a modified reporter protein encompassing any amino acid sequence which provides a polypeptide having a detectable activity, e.g., luminescent activity, as well as protein fragments thereof, which are recombinantly or synthetically synthesized. The reporter protein sequences of a modified reporter protein are the same or are substantially the same as the amino acid sequence of a corresponding unmodified reporter protein. A polypeptide or peptide having substantially the same sequence means that an amino acid sequence is largely, but may not entirely be, the same and retains a functional activity of the sequence to which it is related. In general, two amino acid sequences are substantially the same or substantially homologous if they are at least 70% identical, e.g., have at least 80%, 90%, 95% or more identity.

Homology or identity is often measured using sequence analysis software (e.g., Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group, University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wis. 53705). Such software matches similar sequences by assigning degrees of homology to various deletions, substitutions and other modifications. The terms “homology” and “identity” in the context of two or more nucleic acids or polypeptide sequences, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides that are the same when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence over a comparison window or designated region as measured using any number of sequence comparison algorithms or by manual alignment and visual inspection.

For sequence comparison, typically one sequence acts as a reference sequence, to which test sequences are compared. When using a sequence comparison algorithm, test and reference sequences are entered into a computer, subsequence coordinates are designated, if necessary, and sequence algorithm program parameters are designated. Default program parameters can be used, or alternative parameters can be designated. The sequence comparison algorithm then calculates the percent sequence identities for the test sequences relative to the reference sequence, based on the program parameters.

Methods of alignment of sequence for comparison are well-known in the art. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison can be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith et al. (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman et al. (1970), by the search for similarity method of Person et al. (1988), by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by manual alignment and visual inspection.

Computer implementations of these mathematical algorithms can be utilized for comparison of sequences to determine sequence identity. Such implementations include, but are not limited to: CLUSTAL in the PC/Gene program (available from Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.); the ALIGN program (Version 2.0) and GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Version 8 (available from Genetics Computer Group (GCG), 575 Science Drive, Madison, Wis., USA). Alignments using these programs can be performed using the default parameters. The CLUSTAL program is well described by Higgins et al. (1988); Higgins et al. (1989); Corpet et al.(1988); Huang et al. (1992); and Pearson et al. (1994). The ALIGN program is based on the algorithm of Myers and Miller (1988). The BLAST programs of Altschul et al. (1990), are based on the algorithm of Karlin and Altschul (1990).

Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold (Altschul et al., 1990). These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always >0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always <0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value, the cumulative score goes to zero or below due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments, or the end of either sequence is reached.

In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin & Altschul (1993). One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance. For example, a test nucleic acid sequence is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid sequence to the reference nucleic acid sequence is less than about 0.1, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.

To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST (in BLAST 2.0) can be utilized as described in Altschul et al. (1997). Alternatively, PSI-BLAST (in BLAST 2.0) can be used to perform an iterated search that detects distant relationships between molecules. See Altschul et al., supra. When utilizing BLAST, Gapped BLAST, PSI-BLAST, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g. BLASTN for nucleotide sequences, BLASTX for proteins) can be used. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, a cutoff of 100, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff & Henikoff, 1989). See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

In particular, a polypeptide may be substantially related but for a conservative variation. A conservative variation denotes the replacement of an amino acid residue by another, biologically similar residue. Examples of conservative variations include the substitution of one hydrophobic residue such as isoleucine, valine, leucine or methionine for another, or the substitution of one polar residue for another such as the substitution of arginine for lysine, glutamic for aspartic acids, or glutamine for asparagine, and the like. Other illustrative examples of conservative substitutions include the changes of: alanine to serine; arginine to lysine; asparagine to glutamine or histidine; aspartate to glutamate; cysteine to serine; glutamine to asparagine; glutamate to aspartate; glycine to proline; histidine to asparagine or glutamine; isoleucine to leucine or valine; leucine to valine or isoleucine; lysine to arginine, glutamine, or glutamate; methionine to leucine or isoleucine; phenylalanine to tyrosine, leucine or methionine; serine to threonine; threonine to serine; tryptophan to tyrosine; tyrosine to tryptophan or phenylalanine; valine to isoleucine to leucine.

In one embodiment, a polynucleotide of the invention is optimized for expression in a particular host. As used herein, optimization includes codon optimization as well as, in eukaryotic cells, introduction of a Kozak sequence, and/or one or more introns. Thus, a nucleic acid molecule may have a codon composition that differs from that of a wild-type nucleic acid sequence encoding an unmodified beetle luciferase at more than 30%, 35%, 40% or more than 45%, e.g., 50%, 55%, 60% or more of the codons. Preferred codons for use in the invention are those which are employed more frequently than at least one other codon for the same amino acid in a particular organism and, more preferably, are also not low-usage codons in that organism and are not low-usage codons in the organism used to clone or screen for the expression of the nucleic acid molecule. Moreover, preferred codons for certain amino acids (i.e., those amino acids that have three or more codons,), may include two or more codons that are employed more frequently than the other (non-preferred) codon(s). The presence of codons in the nucleic acid molecule that are employed more frequently in one organism than in another organism results in a nucleic acid molecule which, when introduced into the cells of the organism that employs those codons more frequently, is expressed in those cells at a level that is greater than the expression of the wild-type or parent nucleic acid sequence in those cells.

In one embodiment of the invention, the codons that are different are those employed more frequently in a mammal, while in another embodiment the codons that are different are those employed more frequently in a plant. A particular type of mammal, e.g., human, may have a different set of preferred codons than another type of mammal. Likewise, a particular type of plant may have a different set of preferred codons than another type of plant. In one embodiment of the invention, the majority of the codons which differ are ones that are preferred codons in a desired host cell. Preferred codons for mammals (e.g., humans) and plants are known to the art (e.g., Wada et al., 1990). For example, preferred human codons include, but are not limited to, CGC (Arg), CTG (Leu), TCT (Ser), AGC (Ser), ACC (Thr), CCA (Pro), CCT (Pro), GCC (Ala), GGC (Gly), GTG (Val), ATC (Ile), ATT (Ile), AAG (Lys), AAC (Asn), CAG (Gln), CAC (His), GAG (Glu), GAC (Asp), TAC (Tyr), TGC (Cys) and TTC (Phe) (Wada et al., 1990). Thus, preferred “humanized” synthetic nucleic acid molecules of the invention have a codon composition which differs from a wild type nucleic acid sequence by having an increased number of the preferred human codons, e.g. CGC, CTG, TCT, AGC, ACC, CCA, CCT, GCC, GGC, GTG, ATC, ATT, AAG, AAC, CAG, CAC, GAG, GAC, TAC, TGC, TTC, or any combination thereof. For example, the nucleic acid molecule of the invention may have an increased number of CTG or TTG leucine-encoding codons, GTG or GTC valine-encoding codons, GGC or GGT glycine-encoding codons, ATC or ATT isoleucine-encoding codons, CCA or CCT proline-encoding codons, CGC or CGT arginine-encoding codons, AGC or TCT serine-encoding codons, ACC or ACT threonine-encoding codon, GCC or GCT alanine-encoding codons, or any combination thereof, relative to the wild-type nucleic acid sequence. Similarly, nucleic acid molecules having an increased number of codons that are employed more frequently in plants, have a codon composition which differs from a wild-type nucleic acid sequence by having an increased number of the plant codons including, but not limited to, CGC (Arg), CTT (Leu), TCT (Ser), TCC (Ser), ACC (Thr), CCA (Pro), CCT (Pro), GCT (Ser), GGA (Gly), GTG (Val), ATC (Ile), ATT (Ile), AAG (Lys), AAC (Asn), CAA (Gln), CAC (His), GAG (Glu), GAC (Asp), TAC (Tyr), TGC (Cys), TTC (Phe), or any combination thereof (Murray et al., 1989). Preferred codons may differ for different types of plants (Wada et al., 1990).

The modified beetle luciferase proteins or fusion proteins of the invention may be prepared by recombinant methods or by solid phase chemical peptide synthesis methods. Such methods have been known in the art since the early 1960's (Merrifield, 1963) (See also Stewart et al., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2 ed., Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill., pp. 11-12)) and have recently been employed in commercially available laboratory peptide design and synthesis kits (Cambridge Research Biochemicals). Such commercially available laboratory kits have generally utilized the teachings of Geysen et al. (1984) and provide for synthesizing peptides upon the tips of a multitude of rods” or “pins” all of which are connected to a single plate. When such a system is utilized, a plate of rods or pins is inverted and inserted into a second plate of corresponding wells or reservoirs, which contain solutions for attaching or anchoring an appropriate amino acid to the pin's or rod's tips. By repeating such a process step, e.g., inverting and inserting the rod's and pin's tips into appropriate solutions, amino acids are built into desired peptides. In addition, a number of available FMOC peptide synthesis systems are available. For example, assembly of a polypeptide or fragment can be carried out on a solid support using an Applied Biosystems, Inc. Model 431A automated peptide synthesizer. Such equipment provides ready access to the peptides of the invention, either by direct synthesis or by synthesis of a series of fragments that can be coupled using other known techniques.

IV. Fusion Partners Useful with the Modified Reporter Protein of the Invention

The polynucleotide of the invention which encodes a modified reporter protein may be employed with other nucleic acid sequences, e.g., a native sequence such as a cDNA or one which has been manipulated in vitro, e.g., to prepare N-terminal, C-terminal, or N- and C-terminal fusion proteins, e.g., a fusion with a protein encoded by a different reporter gene including a selectable marker. Many examples of suitable fusion partners are known to the art and can be employed in the practice of the invention.

Fusion partners include but are not limited to affinity domains or other functional protein sequences, such as those having an enzymatic activity. For example, a functional protein sequence may encode a kinase catalytic domain (Hanks and Hunter, 1995), producing a fusion protein that can enzymatically add phosphate moieties to particular amino acids, or may encode a Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain (Sadowski et al., 1986; Mayer and Baltimore, 1993), producing a fusion protein that specifically binds to phosphorylated tyrosines.

Affinity domains are generally peptide sequences that can interact with a binding partner, e.g., such as one immobilized on a solid support. DNA sequences encoding multiple consecutive single amino acids, such as histidine, when fused to the expressed protein, may be used for one-step purification of the recombinant protein by high affinity binding to a resin column, such as nickel sepharose. Sequences encoding peptides, such as the chitin binding domain (which binds to chitin), glutathione-S-transferase (which binds to glutathione), biotin (which binds to avidin and strepavidin), and the like, can also be used for facilitating purification of the protein of interest. The affinity domain can be separated from the protein of interest by methods well known in the art, including the use of inteins (protein self-splicing elements (Chong et al., 1997). Exemplary affinity domains include HisV5 (HHHHH) (SEQ ID NO:1), HisX6 (HHHHHH) (SEQ ID NO:2), C-myc (EQKLISEEDL) (SEQ ID NO:3), Flag (DYKDDDDK) (SEQ ID NO:4), SteptTag (WSHPQFEK) (SEQ ID NO:5), hemagluttinin, e.g., HA Tag (YPYDVPDYA) (SEQ ID NO:6), GST, thioredoxin, cellulose binding domain, RYIRS (SEQ ID NO:104), Phe-His-His-Thr (SEQ ID NO:105), chitin binding domain, S-peptide, T7 peptide, SH2 domain, C-end RNA tag, WEAAAREACCRECCARA (SEQ ID NO:8), metal binding domains, e.g., zinc binding domains or calcium binding domains such as those from calcium-binding proteins, e.g., calmodulin, troponin C, calcineurin B, myosin light chain, recoverin, S-modulin, visinin, VILIP, neurocalcin, hippocalcin, frequenin, caltractin, calpain large-subunit, S100 proteins, parvalbumin, calbindin D9K, calbindin D28K, and calretinin, inteins, biotin, streptavidin, MyoD, Id, leucine zipper sequences, and maltose binding protein. In one embodiment, the fusion partner is a sequence useful to purify a fusion protein, e.g., a His or GST tag, and in one embodiment the purification tag is fused to the N- or C-terminus of a circularly permuted reporter protein.

Another class of fusion partners includes a protein encoded by a reporter gene, including, but are not limited to, a neo gene, a β-gal gene, a gus gene, a cat gene, a gpt gene, a hyg gene, a hisD gene, a ble gene, a mprt gene, a bar gene, a nitrilase gene, a galactopyranoside gene, a xylosidase gene, a thymidine kinase gene, an arabinosidase gene, a mutant acetolactate synthase gene (ALS) or acetoacid synthase gene (AAS), a methotrexate-resistant dhfr gene, a dalapon dehalogenase gene, a mutated anthranilate synthase gene that confers resistance to 5-methyl tryptophan (WO 97/26366), an R-locus gene, a β-lactamase gene, a xylE gene, an α-amylase gene, a tyrosinase gene, an anthozoan luciferase (luc) gene, (e.g., a Renilla reniformis luciferase gene), an aequorin gene, a red fluorescent protein gene, or a green fluorescent protein gene. Included within the terms selectable or screenable marker genes are also genes which encode a “secretable marker” whose secretion can be detected as a means of identifying or selecting for transformed cells. Examples include markers which encode a secretable antigen that can be identified by antibody interaction, or even secretable enzymes which can be detected by their catalytic activity. Secretable proteins fall into a number of classes, including small, diffusible proteins detectable, e.g., by ELISA, and proteins that are inserted or trapped in the cell membrane.

V. Vectors and Host Cells Encoding the Modified Reporter Protein or Fusions Thereof

Once a desirable nucleic acid molecule encoding a modified reporter protein or a fusion thereof is prepared, an expression cassette encoding the modified reporter protein or a fusion protein comprising the modified reporter protein is prepared. For example, a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a modified beetle luciferase is optionally operably linked to transcription regulatory sequences, e.g., one or more enhancers, a promoter, a transcription termination sequence or a combination thereof, to form an expression cassette. The nucleic acid molecule or expression cassette may be introduced to a vector, e.g., a plasmid or viral vector, which optionally includes a selectable marker gene, and the vector introduced to a cell of interest, for example, a prokaryotic cell such as E. coli, Streptomyces spp., Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and the like, as well as eukaryotic cells including a plant (dicot or monocot), fungus, yeast, e.g., Pichia, Saccharomyces or Schizosaccharomyces, or a mammalian cell. Preferred mammalian cells include bovine, caprine, ovine, canine, feline, non-human primate, e.g., simian, and human cells. Preferred mammalian cell lines include, but are not limited to, CHO, COS, 293, Hela, CV-1, SH-SY5Y, HEK293, and NIH3T3 cells.

The expression of an encoded modified reporter protein may be controlled by any promoter capable of expression in prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells. Preferred prokaryotic promoters include, but are not limited to, SP6, T7, T5, tac, bla, trp, gal, lac or maltose promoters. Preferred eukaryotic promoters include, but are not limited to, constitutive promoters, e.g., viral promoters such as CMV, SV40 and RSV promoters, as well as regulatable promoters, e.g., an inducible or repressible promoter such as the tet promoter, the hsp70 promoter and a synthetic promoter regulated by CRE. The nucleic acid molecule, expression cassette and/or vector of the invention may be introduced to a cell by any method including, but not limited to, calcium-mediated transformation, electroporation, microinjection, lipofection and the like.

VI. Exemplary Uses

The modified reporter proteins or fusions thereof are useful for any purpose including, but not limited to, detecting the amount or presence of a particular molecule (a biosensor), isolating a particular molecule, detecting conformational changes in a particular molecule, e.g., due to binding, phosphorylation or ionization, detecting conditions, for instance, pH or temperature, facilitating high or low throughput screening, detecting protein-protein, protein-DNA or other protein-based interactions, or selecting or evolving biosensors. For instance, a modified reporter protein or a fusion thereof, is useful to detect e.g., in an in vitro or cell-based assay, the amount, presence or activity of a particular kinase (for example, by inserting a kinase site into a reporter protein), RNAi (e.g., by inserting a sequence suspected of being recognized by RNAi into a coding sequence for a reporter protein, then monitoring reporter activity after addition of RNAi), or protease, such as one to detect the presence of a particular viral protease, which in turn is indicator of the presence of the virus, or an antibody; to screen for inhibitors, e.g., protease inhibitors; to identify recognition sites or to detect substrate specificity, e.g., using a modified luciferase with a selected recognition sequence or a library of modified luciferases having a plurality of different sequences with a single molecule of interest or a plurality (for instance, a library) of molecules; to select or evolve biosensors or molecules of interest, e.g., proteases; or to detect protein-protein interactions via complementation or binding, e.g., in an in vitro or cell-based approach. In one embodiment, a modified beetle luciferase which includes an insertion is contacted with a random library or mutated library of molecules, and molecules identified which interact with the insertion. In another embodiment, a library of modified luciferases having a plurality insertions is contacted with a molecule, and modified luciferases which interact with the molecule identified.

The invention also provides methods to monitor the expression, location and/or trafficking of molecules in a cell, as well as to monitor changes in microenvironments within a cell, using a modified beetle luciferase or a fusion protein thereof. For example, in one embodiment, a modified beetle luciferase comprises an internal insertion containing two domains which interact with each other under certain conditions. In one embodiment, one domain in the insertion contains an amino acid which can be phosphorylated and the other domain is a phosphoamino acid binding domain. In the presence of the appropriate kinase or phosphatase, the two domains in the insertion interact and change the conformation of the modified beetle luciferase resulting in an alteration in the detectable activity of the modified beetle luciferase. In another embodiment, a modified beetle luciferase comprises a recognition site for a molecule, and when the molecule interacts with the recognition site, results in an increase in activity, and so can be employed to detect or determine the presence of amount or the other molecule.

Two-hybrid systems are extremely powerful methods for detecting protein:protein interactions in vivo as well as identifying residues/domains involved in protein:protein interactions. The basis of two-hybrid systems is the modular domains found in some transcription factors: a DNA-binding domain, which binds to a specific DNA sequence, and a transcriptional activation domain, which interacts with the basal transcriptional machinery (Sadowski, 1988). A transcriptional activation domain in association with a DNA-binding domain may promote the assembly of RNA polymerase II complexes at the TATA box and increase transcription. In the CheckMateTM Mammalian Two-Hybrid System (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.), the DNA-binding domain and the transcriptional activation domain, produced by separate plasmids, are closely associated when one protein (“X”) fused to a DNA-binding domain interacts with a second protein (“Y”) fused to a transcriptional activation domain. In this system, interaction between proteins X and Y results in transcription of either a reporter gene or a selectable marker gene. In particular, the pBIND Vector contains a yeast GAL4 DNA-binding domain upstream of a multiple cloning region, and a pACT Vector contains the herpes simplex virus VP16 activation domain upstream of a multiple cloning region. In addition, the pBIND Vector expresses the Renilla reniformis luciferase. The two genes encoding the two potentially interactive proteins of interest are cloned into pBIND and pACT Vectors to generate fusion proteins with the DNA-binding domain of GAL4 and the activation domain of VP 16, respectively. The pG5luc Vector contains five GAL4 binding sites upstream of a minimal TATA box, which in turn, is upstream of the firefly luciferase gene (luc+). The pGAL4 and pVP16 fusion constructs are transfected along with pG5luc Vector into mammalian cells. Two to three days after transfection the cells are lysed, and the amount of Renilla luciferase and firefly luciferase can be quantitated using the Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System (Promega Cat.# E1910). Interaction between the two test proteins, as GAL4 and VP16 fusion constructs, results in an increase in firefly luciferase expression over the negative controls. A modified beetle luciferase of the invention, e.g., one which is deleted at a site or region which is tolerant to modification (a N-terminal fragment), is fused to a DNA binding domain while the remainder of the beetle luciferase (the C-terminal fragment) is fused to a transcriptional activator domain.

The invention also provides methods of screening for agents (“test” agents) capable of modulating the activity of a molecule of interest. “Modulation” refers to the capacity to either enhance or inhibit a functional property of biological activity or process (e.g., enzyme activity); such enhancement or inhibition may be contingent on the occurrence of a specific event, such as activation of a signal transduction pathway, and/or may be manifest only in particular cell types. A “modulator” refers to an agent (naturally occurring or non-naturally occurring), such as, for example, a biological macromolecule (e.g., nucleic acid, protein, non-peptide, or organic molecule), small molecules, or an extract made from biological materials such as bacteria, plants, fungi, or animal (particularly mammalian) cells or tissues. Modulators are evaluated for potential activity as inhibitors or activators (directly or indirectly) of a biological process or processes (e.g., agonist, partial antagonist, partial agonist, antagonist, antineoplastic agents, cytotoxic agents, inhibitors of neoplastic transformation or cell proliferation, cell proliferation-promoting agents, and the like) by inclusion in the screening assays described herein. The activities (or activity) of a modulator may be known, unknown or partially known. Such modulators can be screened using the methods of the invention. The term “test agent” refers to an agent to be tested by one or more screening method(s) of the invention as a putative modulator. Usually, various predetermined concentrations are used for screening such as 0.01 μM, 0.1 μM, 1.0 μM, and 10.0 μM. Controls can include the measurement of a signal in the absence of the test agent, comparison to an agent known to modulate the target, or comparison to a sample (e. a cell, tissue or organism) before, during and/or after contacting with the test agent.

In one embodiment, the method includes screening for agents that modulate protease activity. For example, in one embodiment, a method of identifying an agent capable of modulating apoptosis is provided. Caspase family proteases have been associated with apoptosis. Thus, the method includes contacting a sample suspected of containing a caspase-family protease with an agent suspected of modulating the caspase activity, and a modified reporter protein having a cleavage site cleavable by the caspase. The activity of the modified reporter protein is detected in the sample before and after contacting with the test agent. An increase in activity after contacting with the agent is indicative of an agent that inhibits apoptosis and a decrease is indicative of an agent that activates apoptosis.

Accordingly, the invention provides a screening system useful for identifying agents which modulate the cleavage of recognition sequence present in a modified reporter protein of the invention and detecting its activity. This allows one to rapidly screen for protease activity modulators. Utilization of the screening system described herein provides a sensitive and rapid means to identify agents which modulate (e.g., inhibit or activate) a protease, for example, a caspase family protease.

A modified reporter protein of the invention is thus useful as a substrate to study agents or conditions that modulate an interaction between an insertion in the modified reporter protein and a molecule of interest. In particular, the invention contemplates modified luciferase proteins in which the insertion includes an amino acid sequence that is a cleavage site for an enzyme of interest. Thus, when the molecule of interest is a protease, the insertion comprises a peptide containing a cleavage recognition sequence for the protease. A cleavage recognition sequence for a protease is a specific amino acid sequence recognized by the protease during proteolytic cleavage. Accordingly, the invention provides methods to determine the amount of a protease in a sample by contacting the sample with a modified luciferase polypeptide of the invention and measuring changes in luciferase activity. The modified luciferase protein of the invention can be used for, among other things, monitoring the activity of a protease inside a cell that expresses the modified luciferase.

The assays of the invention can be used to screen drugs to identify compounds that alter the activity of a protease that cleaves the modified reporter protein. In one embodiment, the assay is performed on a sample in vitro containing a protease. A sample containing a known amount of protease is mixed with a modified reporter protein of the invention and with a test agent. The amount of the protease activity in the sample is then determined as described above. Then the amount of activity per mole of protease in the presence of the test agent is compared with the activity per mole of protease in the absence of the test agent. A difference indicates that the test agent alters the activity of the protease. Accordingly, the alterations may be an increase in protease activity resulting in a decrease in modified reporter protein activity or a decrease in protease activity corresponding to an increase or maintenance of modified reporter protein activity.

In one embodiment, the ability of an agent to alter protease activity is determined. In this assay, cells are conditioned or contacted with an agent suspected of modulating protease activity. The cell or cells in the culture are lysed and protease activity measured. For example, a lysed cell sample containing a known or unknown amount of protease is mixed with a modified reporter protein of the invention. The amount of the protease activity in the sample is then determined as above by determining the degree of modified reporter protein activity in a control or non-treated sample and the treated lysed cellular sample. The activity or inhibition can be calculated based on a per microgram or milligram protein in the sample. Accordingly, the modulation in protease activity includes an increase in protease activity resulting in a decrease in modified reporter protein activity or a decrease in protease activity corresponding to an increase or maintenance of modified reporter protein activity. Typically, the difference is calibrated against standard measurements to yield an absolute amount of protease activity. A test agent that inhibits or blocks the activity or expression of the protease can be detected by increased modified reporter protein activity in treated cells compared to untreated controls.

In another embodiment, the ability of an agent to alter protease activity in vivo is determined. In an in vivo assay, cells transfected with an expression vector encoding a modified reporter protein of the invention are exposed to different amounts of the test agent, and the effect on reporter protein activity in a cell can be determined. Typically, the difference is calibrated against standard measurements to yield an absolute amount of protease activity. A test agent that inhibits or blocks the activity or expression of the protease can be detected by increased modified reporter protein activity in treated cells compared to untreated controls.

The materials and composition for use in the assay of the invention are ideally suited for the preparation of a kit. Such a kit may comprise a carrier means containing one or more container means such as vials, tubes, and the like, each of the container means comprising one of the separate elements to be used in the method. One of the containers comprises a modified reporter protein or polynucleotide (e.g., in the form of a vector) of the invention. A second container may contain a substrate for the modified reporter protein.

The invention will be further described by the following non-limiting examples.

EXAMPLE I Tn5 Insertional Mutagenesis of a Click Beetle Luciferase Gene

A. Transposon Insertion Reaction

Target DNA Preparation. A click beetle luciferase gene (cbg69) was cloned into an E. coli T7 expression vector and the resulting plasmid (pJLC 1) was used as target DNA for transposon mutagenesis reaction.

In Vitro Transposon Insertion Reaction. Reaction conditions were optimized to maximize the efficiency of the transposon insertion while minimizing multiple insertion events. For example, an equimolar amount of the transposon was added to the moles of target DNA.

-   -   1. Prepare the transposon insertion reaction mixture by adding         in the following order:         -   1 μl 10× reaction buffer         -   0.35 μg target DNA (pJLC1) (7 μl)         -   1 μl molar equivalent transposon         -   1 μl transposase         -   10 μl total reaction volume     -   2. Incubate the reaction mixture for 2 hours at 37° C.     -   3. Stop the reaction by adding 1 μl stop solution.     -   Mix and heat for 15 minutes at 65° C.     -   The reaction mixture was stored at −20° C.         B. Selection of Transposon Insertion Clones

Transformation and Recovery. The number of transposon insertion clones obtained per reaction depends on, among other factors, the transformation efficiency of the competent cells used. The greater the transformation efficiency of the competent cells, the greater the number of insertion clones obtained. A recA⁻ strain of E. coli (EC100 competent cells from Epicentre) was used for transformation.

-   -   3. Use 1 μl of the insertion reaction mixture, transform into         EC100 electrocompetent cells.     -   4. Recover the electroporated cells by adding SOC medium to the         electroporation cuvette to 1 ml final volume immediately after         electroporation. Pipette the medium/cells gently to mix.         Transfer to a tube and incubate on a 37° C. shaker for 30-60         minutes to facilitate cell outgrowth.     -   5. Plate portions of cells onto LB plates containing 50 μg/ml         kanamycin.     -   6. Grow plates overnight at 37° C.

C. Transposon Insertion Mapping. Thousands of insertion colonies were obtained. Twenty-seven insertion clones were selected and the click beetle luc gene containing Tn5 transposon was PCR amplified using a primer set at the two termini of the cbg69 gene. The PCR products were sequenced using the same set of primer. The locations of the Tn5 insertion were shown to be random (FIGS. 2-3).

D. Generating a Plasmid Library of luc Gene with Transposon Insertions. Clones which had insertions in the luc gene need to be separated from the ones with insertions in the plasmid backbone. To do this, all transformants were pooled and plasmid DNA was purified. The resulting plasmid DNA was digested with a pair of restriction enzymes (e.g., NdeI and EcoRI) to release a DNA fragment containing the cbg69 gene with transposon insertions. This DNA fragment was recloned into the respective restriction enzyme sites of the E. coli T7-expression vector free of transposon insertions, yielding a plasmid library containing luc gene with Tn5 insertions.

E. Generating A Library of In Frame 19 Codon Insertions

Removal of Tn5 transposon. Once the plasmid library of luc gene with transposon insertions was generated, the Tn5 transposon was removed by digestion with a restriction enzyme, e.g., NotI. The linearized DNA was separated from the DNA fragment containing Tn5 by agarose gel electrophoresis and then purified.

Religation and Transformation. The linearized DNA was religated using T4 DNA ligase. Successful religation regenerated a single restriction site, e.g., NotI, and created the 57 nucleotide (19 codon) insertion into one of the three reading frames. The religated DNA was transformed into EC 100 cells and recombinants were selected using an antibiotic marker present on the original cloning vector (e.g., ampicillin for the control DNA).

F. Screen for Active Linker Insertion Clones. Individual linker insertion clones were used to inoculate 1 ml of LB medium containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin and grown at 37° C. overnight. Luciferase activities were measured by mixing 100 μl of overnight culture with 100 μl Bright-Glo reagent from Promega Corp. (Madison, Wis.). Luminescence was recorded on a luminometer after 5 minutes.

G. DNA Sequencing of the active Linker Insertion Clones. Over 400 clones were screened. Linker insertion clones that had luciferase activities >20-fold above background were selected. The location of the linker insertion was determined by sequencing PCR products of the luc gene containing linker insertion. The positions and the relative activities of each active linker insertion clone are shown in FIGS. 3-4.

EXAMPLE II Tn-7 Insertional Mutagenesis of a Firefly Luciferase Gene

A commercial kit (GPS™-M GPS-Mutagenesis System from New England Biolabs (NEB)) was used to insert a Tn7-based transposon randomly into firefly luciferase DNA. The major portion of this insert was then excised by restriction enzyme digestion and religation to yield a 5 amino acid insertion. Initially, colonies were grown and screened pre-excision for loss of luciferase activity. Plasmids in those cultures which had luciferase activity were then excised, transformed back into cells and colonies examined for a return of luciferase activity. Later, a more efficient approach was used where a gel-purified luciferase fragment containing the large insertion at random locations was cloned into a vector and mass-excision of the vector population was performed. Here, colonies were chosen which expressed luciferase activity following transformation with the excised vector. Because the transposon carried kanamycin resistance it was possible to eliminate vector molecules which did not contain insertions.

For the first approach, a reaction was assembled as follows:

-   -   2 μl 10× GPS buffer     -   1 μl 20 μg/ml pGPS5     -   1 μl 80 μg/ml pSP-Luc+     -   14 μl H₂0     -   20 μl         pGPS5 (NEB), which carries a kanamycin resistance gene, was the         donor plasmid, and pSP-Luc+ (Promega Corp.), which has an         ampicillin resistance gene, was the acceptor. Successful         transposition resulted in the insertion of the kanamycin         resistance cassette into the acceptor plasmid. The reaction was         mixed by pipetting up and down and then 1 μl of TnsABC         Transposase was added and the reaction remixed. The reaction was         incubated for 1 hour at 37° C., heated for 10 minutes at 75° C.,         and then put on ice. 5 μl was then transformed into 100 μl high         efficiency competent E. Coli JM109 (Promega Corp.). Following a         10 minute incubation on ice, the cells were subjected to a 45         second 42° C. heat shock, followed by a 2 minute incubation on         ice. 1 ml of Luria Broth (LB) was then added and the cells were         shaken at 37° C. for 1 hour. 40 μl portions were then plated on         LB agar plates containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin and 25 μg/ml         kanamycin.

The next day colonies were picked from those plates and individually grown in 3 ml of LB/amp/kan+0.5 mM IPTG. After overnight growth, these cultures were assayed for luciferase activity by adding 10 μl of culture to 100 μl of 1 mM luciferin in 100 mM sodium citrate pH 5.5 and readings taken in a Turner 20/20 luminometer.

Plasmid was prepared from the low activity cultures (Promega Wizard Plus Minipreps kit), digested with restriction enzyme PmeI (NEB) to excise the majority of the insert, and then religated. Typically, these reactions were as follows:

-   -   1 μl miniprep DNA     -   1 μl 10 U/μl PmeI     -   2 μl 10× Buffer C (Promega)     -   16 [I H₂0     -   20 μl         Incubation was for 1 hour at 37° C. Reactions were then heated         at 65° C. for 20 minutes to inactivate the restriction enzyme         and the ligation reaction assembled as described below:     -   1 μl above reaction     -   3 μl 10× ligase buffer (Promega)     -   1 μl 3 U/μl T4 DNA ligase (Promega)     -   25 μl H₂0     -   30 μl         Ligations were incubated at 16° C. for at least 2 hours and then         3 μl was transformed into JM109 as described above. 50 μl of         each transformation was plated on either LB/amp plates or on         nitrocellulose filters overlayered on these plates. After         overnight growth at 37° C., the filters were removed and placed         on top of 1 ml of a solution of 1 mM luciferin in 100 mM sodium         citrate pH 5.5 on a slide warmer (Fisher Scientific) set to         40° C. The room was darkened and the filters observed for         luminescence. Colonies from picks observed to glow were grown up         from the LB/amp plate, plasmid was isolated and then analyzed by         restriction enzyme cutting and sequencing. Following excision of         the large kanamycin insert, a single PmeI site remains at the         site of insertion. Thus, cutting with PmeI and another         restriction enzyme allows mapping of the site of insertion.

In a second approach, a library of insertions was isolated in a gel-purified luciferase fragment and cloned into a vector for excision and expression of the protein. Specifically, transposition into pSPLuc+ was accomplished as described above and then 3×5 μl was transformed into 3×100 μl high efficiency JM109 as described above. 40 μl from each tube was plated on LB/amp/kan and the cells from the remainder of this tube as well as the other tubes was added to 50 ml LB/amp/kan and grown overnight at 37° C. The plate yielded 93 colonies corresponding to a library of about 7,000 different plasmids, of which about 1,400 insertions were expected to be within the luciferase coding sequence. Plasmid was isolated from 8 ml of the liquid culture. Digestion of the plasmid with KpnI and EcoRI, which flank the luciferase gene, resulted in 4 fragments, corresponding to vector backbone and luciferase coding sequence, each either with or without the kanamycin insert. The band of interest was 3,438 bp in length and corresponded to the transposed luciferase gene fragment. About 2 μg of plasmid from the library was digested with KpnI and EcoRI and electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel containing 1 μg/ml ethidium bromide. The 3,438 bp band was excised from the gel after visualization with UV illumination and purified from the agarose slice using Wizard PCR Preps (Promega Corp.). This DNA was then cloned into KpnI and EcoRI digested pGEM-3Z (Promega Corp.) following standard procedures. This places the luciferase gene under the control of the Lac promoter in the vector. The majority of the kanamycin insert was excised from the library by cutting with PmeI:

-   -   2 μl 0.25 μg/μl pGEM-3Z-luc-kan library     -   2 μl 10× Buffer C (Promega)     -   1.5 μl 10 U/μl PmeI (NEB)     -   14.5 μl H₂0     -   20 μl         This reaction was incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour, then heated         for 20 minutes at 65° C. and ligated as described below:     -   2 μl above digest     -   3 μl 10× ligase buffer (Promega)     -   1 μl 3 U/μl T4 DNA ligase (Promega)     -   24 μl H₂0     -   30 μl         The ligation reaction- was incubated at 16° C. overnight and         then transformed into competent JM109 to obtain individual         colonies. By plating on plates containing only ampicillin or         both ampicillin+kanamycin it was possible to infer that         approximately 90% of the transformants on ampicillin plates were         sensitive to kanamycin and thus had successfully excised the         insert. Individual colonies were cultured in 3 ml of LB+100         μg/ml ampicillin and the cultures assayed for luciferase         activity.         Results

For the first approach, about 20% of the cultures had greatly reduced luciferase activity, which is consistent with the transposon being inserted into the luciferase coding region in the pSP-Luc+ plasmid. For the second approach, significant activity was observed in about 15% of the cultures from individual colonies. Plasmid was prepared from cultures with activity and restriction mapping performed to identify the approximate location of the PmeI site insert. These samples were then subjected to standard dideoxy sequencing at the University of Iowa DNA Sequencing Facility. About half of the active clones contained the insert just outside of the luciferase coding region. The remainder had the insert at various places within the coding region. The combined results from the two different methods discussed above are presented below with the position of the insertion and the approximate percent activity remaining indicated: TABLE 1 Inserted after Amino Acid % Activity 7 10 121  5-10 233 50-75 267  2 294  3 303  5-10 361 3-5 540 15 541 75

EXAMPLE III Modified Click Beetle Luciferases with Modifications In the Hinge Region

In order to conveniently insert various sites of interest into the positions identified by transposon mutagenesis study, a click beetle luciferase gene (cbg69) was modified to generate two unique restriction enzyme sites, SnaBI (TACGTA) and SalI (GTCGAC), flanking the sequence encoding the hinge region. Specifically, two oligonucleotides: GGCTACGTAAACAATGTGGAG (SEQ ID NO:9) and GCCACTAAAGAAGCCCGTCGACGATGATGGCTGGCTC (SEQ ID NO:18), were used to modify the cbg69 gene using GeneEditor (Promega). The resulting click beetle luciferase, Cbg69ss, which has one amino acid substitution of Ile409 to Val, was shown to be twice as active as the wild-type Cbg69. The plasmid harboring cbg69ss (pJLC1ss) was used as a template to generate other luciferases with modifications in the hinge region. To that end, the following pairs of oligonucleotides were synthesized: 6His-a GTGAACCATCACCATCACCATCACAATGTGGAGGCC (SEQ ID NO:31) ACTAAAGAAGCCG 6His-b TCGACGGCTTCTTTAGTGGCCTCCACATTGTGATGG (SEQ ID NO:32) TGATGGTGATGGTTCAC FLAG-a GTGAACGACTATAAGGACGACGACGACAAGAATGTG (SEQ ID NO:33) GAGGCCACTAAAGAAGCCG FLAG-b TCGACGGCTTCTTTAGTGGCCTCCACATTCTTGTCG (SEQ ID NO:34) TCGTCGTCCTTATAGTCGTTCAC DEVD-a GTGAACGACGAGGTCGACAATGTGGAGGCCACTAAA (SEQ ID NO:35) GAAGCCG DEVD-b TCGACGGCTTCTTTAGTGGCCTCCACATTGTCGACC (SEQ ID NO:36) TCGTCGTTCAC Pka-a GTGAACCTGCGCCGCGCCTCCCTGGGTAATGTGGAG (SEQ ID NO:37) GCCACTAAAGAAGCCG Pka-b TCGACGGCTTCTTTAGTGGCCTCCACATTACCCAGG (SEQ ID NO:38) GAGGCGCGGCGCAGGTTCAC SARS3-a gtaaacACTTCTGCTGTTCTGCAGAGTGGTTTTcgc (SEQ ID NO:39) AATGTGGAGGCCACTAAAGAAGCCg SARS3-b tcgacGGCTTCTTTAGTGGCCTCCACATTgcgAAAA (SEQ ID NO:40) CCACTCTGCAGAACAGCAGAAGTgtttac SARS6-a gtaaacTCTGGTGTTACCTTCCAAGGTAAGTTCAAG (SEQ ID NO:41) AATGTGGAGGCCACTAAAGAAGCCg SARS6-b tcgacGGCTTCTTTAGTGGCCTCCACATTCTTGAAC (SEQ ID NO:42) TTACCTTGGAAGGTAACACCAGAgtttac

Each oligonucleotide was phosphorylated using the following reaction conditions: Oligonucleotide  30 pmol 10 × T4 polynucleotide kinase buffer 2.5 μl 10 mM ATP 2.5 μl T4 oligonucleotide kinase (1 μ/μl) 0.5 μl Water to 25 μl Incubate at 37° C. for 30 minutes and inactivate at 70° C. for 10 minutes.

For each linker, a pair of phosphorylated oligonucleotides (10 μl from above reaction) were annealed by heating at 95° C. for 5 minutes and cooled down to 37° C. in 1 hour. Each linker was then cloned into the SnaBI and SalI sites of pJLC1ss.

Results

A. A click beetle luciferase was modified after residue 400 to contain a caspase-3 recognition site (DEVD), yielding Cbg69DEVD. Cbg69ss and Cbg69DEVD were expressed in a bacterial host. The bacterial lysates were mixed with varying amounts of caspase-3 (0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 or 200 ng) or 200 ng caspase-3 and 0.1 mM of a caspase inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO, and luciferase activity monitored.

FIG. 5A shows that as caspase-3 concentration increased, the activity of Cbg69DEVD but not that of Cbg69ss, decreased. Moreover, the decrease in activity was not observed when a caspase inhibitor was present (FIG. 5B). Further, the luciferase activity decreased over time (FIG. 5C).

B. SARS virus 3CL protease is a cysteine protease for SARS coronavirus, and is a potential target for an anti-SARS virus drug. Two click beetle luciferases were modified after residue 400 to contain one of two SARS protease recognition sites (Cbg69SARS3 and Cbg69SARS6). Cbg69ss, Cbg69SARS3 and Cbg69SARS6 were produced using in vitro translation systems such as a rabbit reticulocyte lysate and/or a wheat germ extract (Promega). The SARS protease was partially purified using a pMAL purification system from New England Biolabs. The lysates containing click beetle luciferase were mixed with SARS protease and luciferase activity monitored. FIG. 6C shows that after I hour of incubation at room temperature, Cbg69SARS, but not Cbg69ss, showed decreased activity when treated with SARS protease (about 0.3 μg) as compared to the untreated samples.

C. Modified click beetle luciferases which have various insertions sites after Asn400 were all active, as shown in FIGS. 6A-C. These modified luciferases had activities ranging from 12-64% as compared to Cbg69ss. Thus, modifications in the hinge region of click beetle luciferase can yield a modified luciferase which retains activity.

EXAMPLE IV A Modified Firefly Luciferase with an Internal Enterokinase Site

Since the 5 amino acid insertion after amino acids 233 and 541 of firefly luciferase retained the greatest fraction of enzyme activity (Example II), those sites were chosen for further analysis. The GeneEditor™ in vitro Site-Directed Mutagenesis System (Promega Corp.) was used to perform in vitro mutagenesis to insert protease cleavage sites at these sites in order to examine the effect on luciferase activity after cleavage with the protease. First, the luciferase gene was cloned into the expression vector pRSET-B (Invitrogen) between the NcoI and HindIII sites using standard techniques. The luc+ gene (encoding the protein sequence shown in FIG. 7A) was excised on a NcoI-EcoRV fragment from pSPLuc+ and cloned between the NcoI and HindIII in pRSET-B after filling in the HindIII site to create a blunt end. This construct fused luciferase amino acid sequence with an amino terminal 6× His tag.

To insert an enterokinase protease cleavage site (Asp(4)Lys) into pRSET-B-luc+ after Pro233 in luc+, an oligonucleotide of the sequence Pi-CCTATTTTTGGCAATCAAATCATTCCGGATGATGACGACAAGGATACTG CGATTTTAAGTGTTGTTCC (SEQ ID NO:1) was used. The plasmid template was first denatured as described below:

-   -   2 μl 1 mg/ml pRSET-B-luc+     -   2 μl 2M NaOH, 2 mM EDTA     -   16 μl H₂0     -   20 μl

This mixture was incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature, then 2 μl 2 M ammonium acetate and 75 μl 95% ethanol was added, and the resulting mixture incubated at −20° C. for 30 minutes. The mixture was then centrifuged in a microcentrifuge at top speed for 5 minutes at 4° C. The pellet was then washed with 150 μl −20° C. 70% ethanol, subjected to centrifugation for 2 minutes, vacuum dried and dissolved in 100 μl TE. The mutagenic oligonucleotide was annealed to the denatured template in the following reaction:

-   -   10 μl denatured template (above)     -   1 μl 2.9 ng/μl top strand selection oligonucleotide (0.25 pmole)     -   1 μl 28 ng/μl above mutagenic oligonucleotide (1.25 pmole)     -   2 μl annealing 10× buffer     -   6 μl H₂0     -   20 μl         This annealing reaction was put in a beaker containing 200 ml of         water at 75° C. then allowed to cool in the water to 37° C. Then         the following components were added:     -   5 μl H₂0     -   3 μl 10× synthesis buffer     -   1 μl 7.7 U/μl T4 DNA polymerase     -   1 μl 3 U/μl T4 DNA ligase     -   30 μl         This reaction was incubated at 37° C. for 90 minutes after which         5 μl of the reaction was transformed into competent BMH 71-18         mutS as described in the GeneEditor™ Technical Manual. The next         day plasmid was prepared from the resulting culture and         retransformed into JM109. The resulting individual colonies were         picked, grown up, and plasmid prepared. Screening for mutants         was accomplished by digesting the plasmids with BamI and SphI         and electrophoresing the products on a 6% polyacrylamide gel         (Novex, Invitrogen) which was stained with ethidium bromide. The         digest produces a 361 bp fragment in the case of a wild-type         gene (WT) and a 376 bp fragment for the insertion mutants         containing the enterokinase site. Mutants identified in this         fashion were then confirmed by sequencing. In this experiment,         7/8 clones contained the desired insertion.

Plasmids encoding either the WT luc+ gene or the enterokinase site insertion were transformed into BL21(DE3)pLysS (Novagen). Transformed cultures were grown at 37° C. to an A₆₀₀ of about 0.5 and then induced with IPTG at 1 mM and growth continued at 37° C. for an additional 3-4 hours. Cells were then pelleted and enzyme purified using MagneHis resin (Promega Corp.). Typically, 2 ml of cells were pelleted by centrifugation for 2 minutes in a microcentrifuge. The pellet was resuspended in 100 μl of MagneHis Wash/Binding buffer and then 10 μl of 10× MLR (product # V583A) was added to lyse the cells. 5 μl of 1 U/μl RQI DNase (Promega Corp.) and 3 μl of 7 U/μl RNase One (Promega Corp.) were added to the lysed cells and following a 10 minute incubation on ice with occasional mixing, the lysate was spun for 5 minutes in a microcentrifuge at 4° C. 40 μl of MagneHis resin was added to the supernatant and the resulting mixture incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature with occasional mixing. The resin was then concentrated on the tube wall by application of a magnet and washed through three cycles of resuspension and magnetization in MagneHis Wash/Binding buffer. The protein was finally eluted with 100 μl of 500 mM imidazole in 100 mM HEPES pH 7.5. This procedure yielded about 5 μg of either WT or modified proteins.

Although the modified protein incorporated the enterokinase site, the corresponding protease had no effect on enzyme activity and did not cut the mutant protein after Pro233. Both WT and mutant proteins also contained another enterokinase site at the amino terminus which permits removal of the 6× His tag from the protein. Gel analysis indicated that this site was utilized by enterokinase in both proteins.

Another modified protein was prepared which had a Gly(3)Asp(4)LysGly(3) site inserted after Pro233 which potentially makes the enterokinase site more accessible. The mutagenesis was performed as above utilizing a mutagenic oligonucleotide having the sequence Pi CCTATTTTTGGCAATCAAATCATTCCGGGTGGCGGTG (SEQ ID NO:2) ATGATGACGACAAGGGTGGCGGTGATACTGCGATTTT AAGTGTTGTTCC.

Digestion reactions were assembled as follows: 1 2 3 4  10 μl 10 × EKMax  10 μl 10 × EKMax  10 μl 10 × EKMax  10 μl 10 × EKMax  2 μl WT Enzyme  2 μl WT Enzyme  1 μl Mutant Enzyme  1 μl Mutant Enzyme —  1 μl 1 U/μl EKMax —  1 μl 1 U/μl EKMax  83 μl H₂0  82 μl H₂0  83 μl H₂0  82 μl H₂0 100 μl 100 μl 100 μl 100 μl Enterokinase (EKMax) and its 10× Buffer were from Invitrogen. Reactions were incubated at room temperature and at 15 and 30 minutes, 1 μl of the reaction was added to 100 μl of Luciferase Assay Reagent (Promega Corp.). Each sample was then read in a Turner 20/20 luminometer.

This yielded the following data: 1 2 3 4  0 minutes 2517 2561 4090 3914 15 minutes 2855 2905 3460 6108 30 minutes 2987 3190 3301 5717 When the modified protein with the Gly(3)Asp(4)LysGly(3) site was treated with enterokinase, luciferase activity was found to increase by 50-100% (FIG. 7B). In contrast, enterokinase had no effect on the activity of the WT enzyme. Thus, nicking of the modified luciferase backbone did not destroy enzymatic activity. Moreover, the amino acid sequence of the insert may cause a stress on the modified protein which is relieved by nicking with the protease, resulting in an increase in the activity of the enzyme.

A larger insert containing an enterokinase site, i.e., ProGlyProGly(3)Asp(4)LysGly(3)ProGlyPro, was inserted after Pro233 in Luc+. ProGlyPro was included to further increase the torsional stress on the protein. The oligonucleotide used to create this insertion was Pi-CCTATTTTTGGCAATCAAATCATTCCGCCTGGCCCGGTGGCGGTGATGAT GACGACAAGGGTGGCGGTCCTGGCCCGGATACTGCGATTTTAAGTGTTG TTCC (SEQ ID NO:3). The mutagenesis was performed as above using pRSET-B-Luc+ as the starting plasmid. In this case, the resulting mutant plasmid was translated in vitro in a rabbit reticulocyte (Promega TnT® Coupled Reticulocyte Lysate System) in reactions such as those below: 1 2 25 μl TnT lysate 25 μl TnT lysate  2 μl TnT reaction buffer  2 μl TnT reaction buffer  1 μl T7 RNA Polymerase  1 μl T7 RNA Polymerase  1 μl amino acid mix  1 μl amino acid mix  1 μl 40 U/μl rRNasin  1 μl 40 U/μl rRNasin  1 μl WT plasmid  1 μl Mutant plasmid 19 μl H₂0 19 μl H₂0 50 μl 50 μl

Reactions were incubated for 1 hour at 30° C. and then treated with enterokinase (EKMax, Invitrogen) as below: 1 2 3 4  2 μl 10 × EKMax  2 μl 10 × EKMax  2 μl 10 × EKMax  2 μl 10 × EKMax  1 μl rxn 1  1 μl rxn 1  1 μl rxn 2  1 μl rxn 2 —  1 μl 1 U/μl EKMax —  1 μl EKMax 17 μl H₂0 16 μl H₂0 17 μl H₂0 16 μl H₂0 20 μl 20 μl 20 μl 20 μl 1 μl was assayed in 100 μl Luciferase Assay Reagent (LAR) prior to adding the enterokinase, then at various times at room temperature after protease addition. The resulting data is shown in FIG. 7C. The activity of the WT enzyme was not affected by the protease whereas the modified enzyme was inactivated by treatment with the protease.

The effect of an enterokinase site insertion after Lys541 in Luc+ was also determined. In this case the oligonucleotide Pi-GCAAGAAAAATCAGAGAGATCCTCATAAAGGATGATGACGACAAGGCC AAGAAGGGCGGAAAGATCGC (SEQ ID NO:4) was used with the pRSET-B-luc+ plasmid and the GeneEditor kit as described above to introduce the enterokinase site after Lys541, which is the ninth amino acid from the carboxyl end. The mutant plasmid, along with the WT as a control, was transcribed and translated in reactions similar to those described above, and then digested with enterokinase (FIG. 7D). Treatment of the modified enzyme with enterokinase reduced its activity by about 75% while the activity of the WT enzyme was not altered.

EXAMPLE V A Modified Firefly Luciferase with a Deletion and Heterologous Insertion

To prepare a luciferase zymogen useful in in vitro or in vivo protease assays and in monitoring cellular events that are caused by or dependent on specific proteolysis, e.g., apoptosis, a firefly luciferase mutant was constructed which had 9 amino acids inserted after Lys541 (out of 550 amino acids). The 9 amino acids encoded a 5 residue enterokinase protease site followed by two glycines, and then 2 amino acids encoding an EcoRV site for cloning (DDDDKGGDI; SEQ ID NO:58). The vector also had an EcoRI site outside the 3′ end of the gene which was used as a cloning site. When the protein specified by this base construct was cut with enterokinase, the carboxy terminal 9 amino acids were removed, generating an enzyme which had about 10% the activity of the WT enzyme. A library of EcoRV and EcoRI fragments of E. coli DNA was cloned between these sites in the base vector. 100 colonies were picked and assayed for luciferase activity. 7 colonies were found to have activity that was reduced by 100-1000 fold relative to WT. The 7 colonies were cultured and plasmid prepared. The plasmids were each found to contain an insert of E. coli DNA ranging in size from about 0.2 to 3 kb. These plasmids were translated in a TNT rabbit reticulocyte lysate and found to encode luciferases of higher molecular weight. Enterokinase cleavage of one of the proteins was found to increase luciferase activity by up to 40-fold. The modified protein showing the greatest activation had a molecular weight of about 68 kD, indication that about 60 residues had been appended to luciferase to generate the zymogen.

EXAMPLE VI A Modified Firefly Luciferase which is Circularly Permuted

Plainkum et al. (2003) reported that circularly permuted forms of ribonuclease A having new N- and C-termini and a peptide linker containing a protease recognition site linking the original N- and C-termini had reduced ribonuclease activity due to steric occlusion of the active site. Plainkum et al. found that cleavage of the circularly permuted ribonuclease A with the protease increased the activity of the protein, presumably by removing the block to the active site.

In the case of luciferase, the N- and C-termini are separated by about 40 angstroms, a distance equivalent to 5-6 amino acids. The linking the N- and C-termini of luciferase with a peptide tether may disrupt its activity by preventing the closure of the “lid” domain formed by the carboxyl terminal domain of the protein. Thus, a head to tail dimer of the firefly luciferase luc+ gene was constructed. PCR primers were designed so that the upstream primer amplified beginning at Asp(234) and the downstream primer amplified beginning at Pro(233). The upstream primer contained an ATG codon for a methionine just prior to Asp(234), and the downstream primer contained a stop codon. In vitro mutagenesis was used to remove the stop codon between the original C- and N-termini, linking these termini with a sequence encoding a protease recognition site. For purposes of cloning the resulting PCR product, both the upstream and downstream primers also encoded a restriction enzyme site.

Methods

The head to tail luc+ dimer was constructed as follows. The vector pSPLuc+ (Promega Corp.) was digested with NcoI, the ends filled using T4 DNA polymerase, and the blunt end linearized vector digested with EcoRI. To serve as the accepting vehicle, pSPLuc+ was digested with XbaI, the ends filled using T4 DNA polymerase, then digested with EcoRI. The luciferase fragment from the first digest was cloned into this vector, resulting in a head to tail arrangement of two luc+ genes in the same vector. Specifically, pSPLuc+ was digested in a reaction as follows:

-   -   1 μl 1 mg/ml pSPLuc+     -   5 μl 10× Buffer D (Promega)     -   2 μl 10 U/μl NcoI     -   42 μl H₂0     -   50 μl         The reaction was incubated for 1 hour at 37° C., heated 15         minutes at 65° C., and then chilled briefly on ice. Then 5 μl 10         mM dNTP and 1 μl 9 U/μl T4 DNA polymerase (Promega Corp.) were         added and the reaction incubated for 20 minutes at 37° C. The         reaction was purified using a Wizard Clean-Up kit (Promega         Corp.). Following elution at 65° C. in 50 μl from the Clean-Up         resin, the mixture was cooled, and the DNA was digested by         adding 5 μl 10× Buffer H (Promega Corp.) and 1 μl 12 U/μl EcoRI         (Promega Corp.). The reaction was incubated for 1 hour at 37° C.         and then heated at 65° C. for 15 minutes. The accepting vector         was then prepared as follows:     -   1 μl 1 mg/ml pSPLuc+     -   5 μl 10× Buffer D     -   1.5 μl 10 U/μl XbaI     -   42.5 μl H₂0     -   50 μl         The above reaction was incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour then         purified using the Promega Wizard Clean-Up Kit with elution in         50 μl at 65° C. The following was added to the purified DNA:     -   5 μl 10× Buffer C (Promega Corp.)     -   5 μl 10 mM dNTP     -   1 μl 9 U/μl T4 DNA Polymerase         The reaction was incubated for 20 minutes at 37° C. and then         purified as described above. 5 μl 10× Buffer H and 1 μl 12 U/μl         EcoRI was added to the eluate from the Clean-Up Resin. The         reaction was incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. and then heated at         65° C. for 15 minutes to inactivate the restriction enzyme. This         DNA was then mixed with the above digested DNA as below:     -   15 μl XbaI cut, filled EcoRI cut, heated pSPLuc+     -   25 μl NcoI cut, filled, EcoRI cut, heated pSPLuc+     -   5 μl 10× ligase buffer (Promega Corp.)     -   2 μl 3 U/μl T4 DNA ligase         After ligation overnight at 16° C., 1 μl was transformed into         high efficiency competent E. coli JM109 (Promega Corp.) and the         cells plated on LB/amp plates. Transformants were identified         which contained the correct sized plasmid. Those transformants         were expanded, plasmid isolated therefrom and the identity of         the plasmid confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion.

The head to tail dimer Luc+ DNA constructed above was used as a template for the PCR amplification of a permuted luciferase with a new N-terminus at Asp(234) and a new C-terminus at Pro(233). The primers used in this amplification had the sequence: Upstream primer = AGCTACATATGGATACTGCGATTTTAAGTGTTGT (SEQ ID NO:109) TC Downstream primer = AGCTAGGATCCTTACGGAATGATTTGATTGCCAA (SEQ ID NO:110) AAATAG The amplification reaction was as follows:

-   -   5 μl 10× PfuUltra buffer (Stratagene)     -   1 μl 10 mM dNTP     -   1 μl 5 ng/μl above Luc+ dimer construct DNA     -   1 μl 100 ng/μl upstream primer     -   1 μl 100 ng/μl downstream primer     -   40 μl H₂0     -   49 μl

The reaction was mixed, overlayed with mineral oil and placed into a PE480 thermal cycler at 95° C. After 2 minutes at this temperature, 1 μl of 2.5 U/μl PfuUltra DNA polymerase (Stratagene) was added and 20 cycles of 95° C. 30 seconds, 50° C. 30 seconds, 72° C. 1 minute were performed, after which the block was brought to 4° C. The completed reaction was then purified using Promega's Wizard PCR Preps kit and subsequent elution from the Wizard resin in 50 μl of H₂0. The PCR primers incorporated into the product have a site for NdeI (upstream primer) or BamHI (downstream primer). The PCR product was digested with these enzymes and cloned into the T7 expression vector pET-3a (Novagen) as below: 1 2  5 μl 10 × Buffer D (Promega)  5 μl 10 × Buffer D (Promega) 20 μl above PCR  1 μl 0.38 μg/μl pET-3a  1 μl 10 U/μl NdeI  1 μl 10 U/μl NdeI  1 μl 10 U/μl BamHI  1 μl 10 U/μl BamHI 23 μl H₂0 42 μl H₂0 50 μl 50 μl The above reactions were incubated at 37° C. for 1 hour, then each was purified using the Promega Wizard Clean Up kit and DNA eluted in 50 μl of TE at 65° C. The two purified DNAs were mixed and ligated as below:

-   -   5 μl 10× ligase buffer     -   20 μl eluted 1     -   10 μl eluted 2     -   2 μl 3 U/μl T4 DNA ligase     -   13 μl H₂0     -   50 μl         The ligation reaction was incubated at 16° C. for 2 hours, then         5 μl was transformed into competent JM109 and the cells plated         on LB/amp. Colonies containing the appropriately sized plasmid         were expanded, plasmid prepared and each preparation checked for         the correct insertion by restriction digestion. Plasmid was         found containing the insertion of the PCR product and this was         used as the base vector for an in vitro mutagenesis which         eliminated the stop codon and linked the C- and N-termini at the         junction separating the two pieces of the luciferase gene.

The initial mutagenesis was performed using the Gene Editor kit from Promega Corp. utilizing a mutagenic oligonucleotide containing a recognition site for the protease enterokinase which cleaves on the carboxyl terminal side of Asp(4)Lys. This oligonucleotide had the sequence:             Pi- GAAGGGCGGAAAGATCGCCGTGGATGATGACGACAAGATGGAAGACGCCAAAAACATAAAG (SEQ ID NO:7) Six colonies from the second transformation round in the mutagenesis procedure were grown up individually and plasmid prepared therefrom. These plasmids were screened for having incorporated the mutagenic oligonucleotide by coupled transcription/translation in a TnT rabbit reticulocyte lysate (Promega Corp.). The correct mutants have fused the C- and N-termini of the luciferase domains and produce a full length luciferase protein. Translation reactions were performed as follows:

-   -   25 μl TnT Rabbit reticulocyte lysate     -   2 μl TnT reaction buffer     -   1 μl T7 RNA polymerase     -   1 μl complete amino acid mix     -   1 μl Fluorotect Lys tRNA     -   1 μl 40 U/μl rRNasin     -   5 μl mini prep DNA     -   14 μl     -   50 μl         The translation reactions were incubated for 60 minutes at         30° C. and then treated (or not) with enterokinase (EK) (EKMax,         Invitrogen) as below:     -   2 μl 10× EKMax buffer     -   5 μl above translation reactions     -   ±1 μl 1 U/μl EKMax     -   12 μl H₂0     -   20 μl         These digestions were performed at room temperature for 30         minutes then 1 μl was assayed by addition to 100 μl luciferase         assay reagent (Promega Corp.). Data collection was performed in         a Turner 20/20 luminometer. 5 μl of 4× SDS sample buffer was         added to the remainder of each reaction and the samples heated         for 2 minutes at 65° C. The samples were then electrophoresed on         a 4-20% Novex Tris-glycine gel and the gel scanned at high         sensitivity in Molecular Dynamics Fluorlmager. The results         indicated that the fused full-length protein was made in two of         the six clones, indicating that the mutagenesis was successful.         Moreover, the activity of the fused mutant proteins was         increased about 150-fold by treatment with enterokinase.         Furthermore, the gel showed that the protease digested the full         length protein into its pieces.

To examine the effect of EK treatment on the activity of mutant luciferases which had not been labeled by incorporation of the fluorescent lysine derivatives, translation reactions were performed as above but the Fluorotect Lys tRNA was omitted from the reactions. In this case, about a 90-fold activation of luciferase activity was observed when the enzyme was treated with EK (FIG. 7). Following activation, the mutant enzyme regained about 0.5% of the WT activity.

Another mutagenesis was performed to insert a caspase-3 DEVD cleavage site between the two luciferase domains. The Promega Gene Editor kit was used with the following mutagenic oligonucleotide: Pi- GAAGGGCGGAAAGATCGCCGTGGACGAAGTTGACGGTATGGAAGACGCCAAAAACATAAAG (SEQ ID NO:111)

In this case the desired mutant was found in 5/8 clones, and screened by in vitro transcription/translation. It was found that the fold activation by caspase-3 was higher than the fold activation previously observed for enterokinase. Also, the percent of activity restored by cleavage was also greater.

In vitro translations were done in Promega TnT rabbit reticulocyte lysate in reactions containing either plasmid encoding permuted luciferase containing a caspase-3 DEVD cleavage site or WT luciferase. Portions of these reactions were then digested with caspase-3 (100 units, BioMol) to generate the data shown in FIGS. 9-11). The activity of the WT enzyme was not affected by the protease. In contrast, the activity of the mutant enzyme was greatly increased by treatment with caspase-3. The fold activation in this case was about 500-fold and the activated enzyme had about 17% the activity of the WT.

The ability of the permuted enzyme to detect caspase-3 activity was also examined in luminescent protease assays. Caspase reactions were performed in:

-   -   10 μl 2× Caspase buffer     -   5 μl in vitro translated proteins     -   1 μl diluted caspase-3     -   4 μl H₂0     -   20 μl         Reactions contained from between 9.6 to 2333 μg of caspase-3 and         were incubated at room temperature for 90 minutes then 1 μl was         removed and added to 100 μl luciferase assay reagent for reading         in a Turner 20/20 luminometer. FIG. 9A shows the data obtained.         Replotting the lower protease amount points (FIG. 9B) shows that         the assay is capable of detecting low picogram amounts of         caspase-3. Moreover, increasing the time of incubation from 90         minutes to overnight increased the sensitivity of the assay by         an additional 4-fold (data not shown).

The synthesis and activation of the permuted luciferases was also examined in TnT Wheat Germ extracts (Promega Corp.). Reactions contained the following:

-   -   25 μl TnT T7 WG extract     -   2 μl TnT reaction buffer     -   1 μl T7 RNA polymerase     -   1 μl amino acid mix     -   1 μl 40 U/μl rRNasin     -   5 μl 50 ng/μl luciferase plasmids     -   15 μl H₂0     -   50 μl         Reactions were incubated at 30° C. for 90 minutes then digested         with proteases as below:     -   10 μl 2× buffer (100 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl, 0.2% CHAPS, 2         mM EDTA, 20% glycerol, 20 mM DTT)     -   10 μl in vitro translation reactions     -   1 μl 1 U/μl EKMax or 1 μl 100 U/μl Caspase-3

Protease digestions were incubated at room temperature and at various times 1 μl was added to 100 μl luciferase assay reagent for reading in the Turner 20/20 luminometer. In this experiment caspase-3 increased the activity of the permuted caspase-luciferase by about 3000-fold to about one quarter that of WT, and EK increased the activity of the EK-luciferase by about 300-fold to about 1.1% of WT (FIGS. 8 and 11). Note that both inserts are the same size, DEVDG in the one case and DDDDG in the other. Thus, longer sequences may be incorporated by replacing the three N-terminal amino acids of luciferase and the six C-terminal amino acids, respectively, from the original termini of the protein. This should permit a site of at least 14-15 amino acids to be incorporated between the two luciferase domains. Note that the 9 residues mentioned above do not appear in the corresponding crystal structure and thus are highly flexible and likely replaceable without incurring a deleterious effect on the enzyme activity.

EXAMPLE VII Additional Circularly Permuted Constructs

A. PSA is a protease which cleaves Semenogelin I between Gln and Ser in the sequence Ala-Asn-Lys-Ile-Ser-Tyr-Gln-Ser-Ser-Ser-Thr-Glu (SEQ ID NO:21). To generate a modified luciferase with a cleavage substrate for PSA, an oligonucleotide for the related 12mer peptide Ala-Asn-Lys-Ala-Ser-Tyr-Gln-Ser-Ala-Ser-Thr-Glu (SEQ ID NO:22) was cloned between the Xhol and NcoI sites in the plasmid construct described in Example VI. An oligonucleotide having the sequence TCGAAGCTAACAAAGCTTCCTACCAGTCTGCGTCCACCGAAC (SEQ ID NO:23) was hybridized to an oligonucleotide having the sequence CATGGTTCGGTGGACGCAGACTGGTAGGAAGCTTTGTTAGCT (SEQ ID NO:24). The hybridized oligonucleotides produce a double-stranded fragment having XhoI and NcoI compatible ends, although the NcoI site is reformed while the XhoI site is destroyed. A vector was digested with XhoI and NcoI and ligated to the annealed oligonucleotides, followed by transformation into E. coli. Mini-prep DNA was prepared from individual colonies and plasmids were screened for digestion with NcoI but not with XhoI, indicating incorporation of the oligonucleotide containing the protease site. The desired construct was translated in vitro in either a wheat germ (WG) translation extract or a rabbit reticulocyte lysate and the resulting protein treated with purified PSA (Sigma). Translations were performed. Cleavage reactions were performed as below:

The reactions were incubated at room temperature for 20 or 40 minutes. 1 μl of each reaction was added to 100 μl of luciferase assay reagent (LAR) and the light output recorded in a Turner 20/20 luminometer. The following data was obtained: 20 minutes 40 minutes (1) 3.131 LU (1) 3.696 LU (2) 2061 LU (2) 2149 LU (3) 0.516 LU (3) 0.649 LU (4) 573.1 LU (4) 564.6 LU The addition of PSA resulted in substantially increased light output. At 20 minutes, the fold activation of the modified luciferase was 658× for the modified luciferase synthesized in the rabbit reticulocyte lysate, and 1,110× for the modified luciferase synthesize in the wheat germ extract.

B. PreScission protease is a fusion protein composed of GST (glutathione S-transferase) and Rhinovirus 3C protease (Amersham). The protease can cleave between the Gln and Gly residues in the sequence Leu-Glu-Val-Leu-Phe-Gln-Gly-Pro (SEQ ID NO:25). Oligonucleotides specifying this sequence were designed and had the sequence (top strand) TCGAGCTGGAAGTTCTGTTCCAGGGTCCGG (SEQ ID NO:26) and (bottom strand) CATGCCGGACCCTGGAACAGAACTTCCAGC (SEQ ID NO:27). The annealing of these oligonucleotides resulted in a double-stranded fragment having XhoI and NcoI compatible ends, in which the XhoI site is retained while the NcoI site is destroyed. As in the above example, the annealed oligonucleotides were cloned into a vector which was cut with XhoI and NcoI. To enrich for the desired clones, the ligation mix was recut with NcoI prior to transformation. The desired plasmid was selected and subjected to in vitro translation in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate as above. A digestion reaction was prepared as below:

The reactions were incubated at room temperature and at various times, 1 μl was added to 100 μl LAR and samples read in a Turner 20/20 luminometer. The following data was generated: 20 minutes 40 minutes 60 minutes (1) 0.556 LU (1) 0.595 LU (1) 0.610 LU (2) 2242 LU  (2) 2500 LU  (2) 2447 LU  Activation of the luciferase with PreScission protease occurred quickly and resulted in a greater than 4,000 fold increase in luminescence in the presence of the protease.

C. While a high degree of activation was observed by proteolytic treatment of permuted luciferases synthesized in eukaryotic cell-free lysates, a much smaller degree of activation was observed when the unfused proteins were synthesized in E. coli. Interestingly, partial purification of the E. coli preparations produced proteins with an increased ability to be activated by protease. To efficiently purify the circularly permuted luciferases from bacterial cells, a vector was prepared in which a circularly permuted luciferase having a caspase-3 site was fused to GST in the vector pGEX-6P3 (Amersham). The PCR reaction contained:

-   -   5 μl 10× PfuUltra buffer     -   1 μl 10 mM dNTP     -   1 μl 5 ng/μl caspase-3 site plasmid     -   1 μl 100 ng/μl upstream oligonucleotide     -   1 μl 100 ng/μl downstream oligonucleotide     -   40 μl H₂0     -   50 μl         The PCR was initiated by the addition of 1 μl 2.5 μ/μl PfuUltra         DNA polymerase (Stratagene) and was cycled at 95° C. for 30         seconds, 50° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 1 minute, for 20         cycles, then brought to 4° C.

The upstream oligonucleotide contains a BamH1 and has the sequence AGCTAGGATCCGATACTGCGATTTTAAGTGTTGTTC (SEQ ID NO:28) and the downstream oligonucleotide contains an EcoRI site and has the sequence AGCTAGAATTCTTACGGAATGATTTGATTGCCAAAAATAG (SEQ ID NO:29). The resulting PCR product was digested with EcoR1 and BamH1 and cloned between these sites in the vector, which results in an in-frame fusion of luciferase to GST. The desired plasmid was identified and transformed into the E. coli strain Rosetta (Novagen). Cells were grown in LB medium and induced by the addition of IPTG to 1 mM. The best growth conditions were found to be an overnight induction at 25-26° C. Cells were collected and lysed by sonication. Following clearing by centrifugation, the supernatant was applied to a column containing immobilized glutathione and eluted with a buffer containing free glutathione. The yield of fusion protein was about one milligram per liter of initial culture. Activation with caspase-3 was no less than about 1,200 fold and, depending on the conditions of the activation reaction, up to 50,000 fold (with activation overnight on ice).

D. Three circularly permuted luciferases containing the SARS virus protease site TSAVLQSGFR (SEQ ID NO:19) were generated: two for click beetle luciferase (CP1: R=Asn401 and CP2: R=Arg223) and one for a firefly (CP: R=Asp234) luciferase. CP2 has an insertion at a position in click beetle luciferase which corresponds to position 234 in firefly luciferase.

The circular permuted click beetle luciferases with a SARS virus protease site were constructed as follows. A plasmid, pJLC33, which contains an insertion mutant cbg69SARS3 gene between NdeI and BamHI sites and a sequence encoding a SARS virus protease site between SnaBI and SalI as described above, was used as a starting vector. The following primer sets were used to amplify PCR fragments from pJLCl containing wild-type cbg69: For CP1, CP1-a: atgcgtcgacGTGAAACGCGAAAAGAACGTGATC (SEQ ID NO:43) and atgcggatccttaGTTCACGTAGCCTTTAGAGACC (SEQ ID NO:44) ATA; CP1-b: atgccatatgAATGTGGAGGCCACTAAAGAAGCCA (SEQ ID NO:45) TTG and agtctacgtaGCCGCCAGCTTTTTCGAGGAG; (SEQ ID NO:46) For CP2, CP2-a: atgcgtcgacGTGAAACGCGAAAAGAACGTGATC (SEQ ID NO:47) and atgcggatccttaAGGGTCGAGAGCGTGGATCAAA (SEQ ID NO:48) CG; CP2-b: atgccatatgCGTGTGGGTACTCAATTGATCCC (SEQ ID NO:49) and agtctacgtaGCCGCCAGCTTTTTCGAGGAG. (SEQ ID NO:50)

The PCR product of CP 1-a (or CP2-a) was digested with SalI and BamHI, and cloned into the respective sites in pJLC33, yielding pJLC-cpla (or pJLC-cp2a). The PCR product of CP 1-b (or CP2-b) was digested with NdeI and SnaBI and cloned into the respective sites in pJLC-cpla (or pJLC-cp2a). The resulting plasmid, pJLC47 (or pJLC48), contains the circular permuted mutant I (or 2) of click beetle luciferase with the SARS virus protease site.

For the permuted firefly luciferase, the permuted vectors were modified to incorporate a linker with XhoI and NcoI sites separating the DNA for the original N- and C-termini. The linker was Pi-GAGATCCTCATAAGGCCAAGAAGCTCGAGATGGTTCCATGGGCCAAAAA CATAAAGAAAGGCCCG (SEQ ID NO:20), which removes 6 amino acids from the C-terminus in the first domain and 3 amino acids from the N-terminus of the second domain. The SARS virus N-terminal autocleavage site is SITSAVLQSGFRKMA (SEQ ID NO:53). Oligonucleotides specifying this sequence were designed as follows: TCGAATCCATCACCTCTGCTGTTCTGCAGTCCGGTTTCCGTAAAATGGCT C (top strand, SEQ ID NO:51) and CATGGAGCCATTTTACGGAAACCGGACTGCAGAACAGCAGAGGTGATG GAT (bottom strand, SEQ ID NO:52). The annealed oligonucleotides retain the NcoI site and lack the Xhol site. The annealed and digested oligonucleotides were cloned into the base vector as above.

All three circular permuted luciferases with SARS virus protease sites, Cbg69CP1, Cbg69CP2 and FfCP, were produced using in vitro translation systems such as a rabbit reticulocyte lysate and/or a wheat germ extract (Promega). The SARS virus protease was partially purified using a pMAL purification system from New England Biolabs. The lysates containing mutant luciferase were mixed with SARS virus protease and luciferase activity monitored. Cbg69CP2 and FfCP were activated 20-30-fold and 60-200-fold, respectively (FIG. 12), whereas Cbg69CP1 was not activated (data not shown), after 1 hour of incubation with about 0.3 μg of SARS virus protease at room temperature.

E. Activation of procaspase-3 to produce active caspase-3 is a proxy for the induction of apotosis in living cells. To ascertain whether a modified luciferase could be used to monitor apotosis in cells, a circularly permuted luciferase containing a caspase-3 cleavage site was cloned into a mammalian expression vector under control of the CMV promoter and introduced into Hela cells via transient transfection. Cells were then treated with the protein TRAIL to induce apoptosis via activation of the death receptor to form active caspase-8, which in turn activates procaspase-3 to caspase-3. Thus, the appearance of active caspase-3 should be accompanied by an increase in luminescence as the luciferase substrate is cleaved and activated by the enzyme.

A PCR fragment of permuted luciferase containing the caspase-3 cleavage site was generated using primers containing sites for NheI and EcoR1 and cloned into the vector pCI-neo (Promega) between these sites. The amplification was performed as above with the upstream primer GACTAGCTAGCATGGATACTGCGATTTTAAGTGTTG (SEQ ID NO:30) TTC.

The resulting construct had an optimum Kozak sequence of the general form ANNATGG. DNA was transfected into Hela cells using TransFast transfection reagent (Promega) and apoptosis was initiated by adding TRAIL protein (Biomol) at 1 μg/μl in DMEM+10% Cosmic Calf Serum. Some wells were transfected with the plasmid pGL3-control which carries the natural firefly luciferase gene (non-permuted) under the control of the SV40 early promoter/enhancer. At the indicated times, 100 μl of Bright-Glo reagent were added to the wells and luminescence recorded in an Orion luminometer (0.5 second reads). Minutes (−)TRAIL (+)TRAIL (−)TRAIL (+)TRAIL 0 172 134 2734 2232 30 150 186 3288 2448 60 164 330 2906 3198 90 294 1442 4058 3636 120 462 1508 3880 3946 150 398 940 2972 2856 pCaspase pCaspase pGL3-ctl pGL3-ctl

The data in FIG. 13 show that for cells receiving the permuted luciferase-caspase-3 plasmid, TRAIL protein induces luminescent activity between 1-2 hours after which luminescence fell off. This effect is not seen in wells containing medium alone. Wells containing pGL3-control plasmid showed no difference between medium alone and medium+TRAIL. The general increase in LU seen upon changing the medium may be due to the induction of protein synthesis, which for pGL3-control luciferase is in an active form, while for the pCI-neo-caspase plasmid, the luciferase is in an inactive form. The small increase seen in this case with medium alone may be due to the accumulation of dead cells over the course of the assay, as a dead cell background is observed due to the stress of the transfection.

EXAMPLE VIII Cell-Based Assays with Modified Luciferases

To provide a vector which encodes an intramolecular control and detects caspase-3 activity, vectors which encoded a fusion protein of the invention were prepared. Renilla luciferase (control) was fused to either the N-terminus or the C-terminus of a modified click beetle luciferase containing DEVD after residue 400 (Cbg69DEVD). The linker sequence of (Gly(2)SerGly(4)SerGly(4)SerGly(2)) was placed between the two proteins.

To make a rLuc-linker-Cbg69DEVD fusion, a pair of oligonucleotides, atgcatatCATATGGCTTCCAAGGTGTACGACCCC (SEQ ID NO:54) and atgcATTAATgccaccggaaccgccgccaccgctaccgccgccaccgctgccCTGCTCGTTCTTCA GCACGCGCTCCACG (SEQ ID NO:55), was used to amplify a full length Renilla luciferase gene (rLuc) from plasmid pJLC6. The resulting PCR fragment was digested with NdeI and Asel, and cloned into the NdeI site of pJLC23, which encodes Cbg69DEVD.

To make a Cbg69DEVD-linker-rLuc fusion, a pair of oligonucleotides, atgcatatCATATGGTGAAACGCGAAAAGAACGT (SEQ ID NO:56) and atgcATTAATgccaccggaaccgccgccaccgctaccgccgccaccgctGCCGCCAGCTTTTTCG AGGAGTTGCTTCAG (SEQ ID NO:57), was used to amplify a full length Cbg69DEVD gene from plasmid pJLC23. The resulting PCR fragment was digested with NdeI and Asel, and cloned into the NdeI site of pJLC6, which contains the rLuc.

FIG. 14 shows that each fusion protein had Renilla luciferase as well as click beetle luciferase activities.

EXAMPLE IX Evalulation of Ability of Luciferase Fragments to Associate and Form Functional Luciferase

In one embodiment, the invention provides a system where two independent fragments of luciferase can complement each other to produce a functional protein.

Materials and Methods

Three constructs were designed to evaluate the ability of N- and C-terminal fragments of luciferase to associate and form a functional luciferase protein in vitro and in vivo (FIG. 15). The N-terminal 699 nucleotides of the firefly luciferase gene (amino acids 1-233) were amplified from pSP-luc+ (Promega Corporation) using forward primer 5′ATGCGCTAGCCCGGGGATATCGCCACCATGGAAGACGCCAAAAACAT AAAG3′ (SEQ ID NO:60) and reverse primer 5′GATAAAAACCGTTAGTTTAGTAAGGCATTCCTAGGATCGA3′ (SEQ ID NO:61) under the following conditions: 95° C. for 2 minutes, 25 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 50° C. for 30 seconds, and 72° C. for 2 minutes, followed by 72° C. for 10 minutes on a Perkin Elmer 2400 TherrnalCycler. A NheI restriction site was engineered onto the 5′ end of the forward primer and a BamHI restriction site was engineered onto the 5′ end of the reverse primer. The resultant N-terminal luciferase fragment was subsequently cloned into the NheI and BamHI restriction sites of the pIND vector using established techniques (Sambrook et al., 1989), yielding expression vector pJLC 62 (n luc).

Similarly, the C-terminal 951 nucleotides of the firefly luciferase gene (amino acids 234-550) were amplified from pSP-luc+ using forward primer 5′ATGCGCTAGCCCGGGATATCGCCACCATGGATACTGCGATTTTAA3′ (SEQ ID NO:62) and reverse primer 5′ TTGGCGCGCCGGATCCTTACACGGCGATCTTTCCGCCCTTCTTG3′ (SEQ ID NO:63) using the same PCR conditions described above for the N-terminal cloning. NheI and BamHI restriction sites were engineered into the primers as described above for the N-terminal primers, and the C-terminal luciferase fragment was cloned into the NheI and BamHI of the pBIND vector, yielding expression vector pJLC 63 (c luc).

The whole luciferase gene (1650 nucleotides, 550 amino acids) was cloned into the pBIND vector in the same manner as that used for the N- and C-terminal clones, using forward primer 5′ATGCGCTAGCCCGGGATATCGCCACCATGGAAGACGCCAAAAACA3′ (SEQ ID NO:64) and reverse primer 5′TTGGCGCGCCGGATCCTTACACGGCGATCTTTCCGCCCTTCTTG3′(SEQ ID NO:65) using the same PCR conditions described above. The resultant expression vector, pJLC64 (full length FF), was used as a control for the protein complementation experiments.

All constructs were verified for correct protein size using the TnT® Coupled Wheat Germ Extract System in conjunction with the FluoroTect™ Green_(Lys) in vitro Translation Labeling System (Promega Corporation) following the manufacturer's protocol.

In vitro protein complementation experiments were performed using the TnT® Coupled Wheat Germ Extract System in conjunction with the FluoroTect™ Green_(Lys) in vitro Translation Labeling System (Promega Corporation) following the manufacturer's protocol. After translation, 2 μl of each sample were added to 100 μl of Luciferase Assay Reagent and luminescence was measured using a Veritas Luminometer.

In vivo complementation experiments were performed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) and 293 human embryonic kidney tissue culture cells. Tissue culture cells, either CHO or 293 cells, were seeded into 6-well tissue culture plates, allowed to grow overnight at 37° C. and 5% CO₂, and transfected at 80% confluency the following day. Transfection was performed using TransFastTm Transfection Reagent (Promega Corporation) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Briefly, for control reactions, 1 μg of either pJLC 62, pJLC 63, or pJLC 64 was transfected (3 μl TransFast™ Reagent/μg DNA) with 1 μg of pBIND control plasmid (original vector with no firefly luciferase gene) so that the final concentration for each transfection was 2 μg total DNA. For the protein complementation test, 1 μg of pJLC62 and 1 μg of pJLC63 were transfected following the same protocol. Twenty-four hours post-transfection, cells were trypsinized and divided into two groups for each transfection condition. 250 μl of 1× Passive Lysis Buffer (Promega Corporation, PLB) was added to one group and 250 μl of 1 Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) was added to the other group. Groups with PLB were subjected to one freeze thaw cycle at −80° C. to ensure lysis of the tissue culture cells, whereas the groups with PBS were not subjected to freeze thaw thereby maintaining non-lysed cells. Luminescence from all groups was measured using the Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System according to the manufacturer's recommendation. Basically, 20 μl from each group was added to a white, 96-well plate in triplicate and the assay was performed on a Veritas Luminometer. All firefly luciferase data was normalized to Renilla luciferase signal.

Results

All 3 constructs shown in FIG. 15 yielded a protein of the correct size (FIG. 16A). The activation of a circularly permuted firefly luciferase upon protease cleavage described hereinabove suggested that fragments of luciferase could complement and reconstitute enzyme activity. As can be seen in FIG. 16B (N- and C-fragments of luciferase in the same TnT reaction), in vitro protein complementation of the N- and C-terminal luciferase fragments yielded a functional protein when compared to the full-length luciferase protein. Moreover, in vivo protein complementation occured in both CHO and 293 tissue culture cells (FIG. 17). Similar trends were seen even if the tissue culture cells were not lysed (PBS; data not shown).

EXAMPLE X Detection of Non-Covalent Association of Luciferase Fusion Proteins in a Modulator System

In one embodiment, the invention provides a modulator system with an exogenous agent (effector A) that induces or enhances, or alternatively inhibits, binding of two moieties, and optionally another exogenous agent (effector B) that dissociates, or alternatively enhances, respectively, binding the two moieties. For instance, such a system may employ rapamycin as an inducer of binding, and FK506 as a dissociator of binding, of FKBP and FRB which are fused to a luciferase.

A. In vitro Experiments Demonstrating a Luciferase Modulator System

Materials and Methods

A human codon optimized firefly luciferase gene (luc2.0) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from pGL4.10[luc2] (Promega Corporation) (SEQ ID NO:66) using the forward primer 5′ATGCAAGCTTGGATCCGTTTAAACGCCACCATGGATATCGCCAAAAAC ATTAAGAAGGGCCCAG3′ (SEQ ID NO:67) and reverse primer 5′GAGCTCGCGGCCGCCTCGAGTTATACGTAGATCTTGCCGCCCTTC3′ (SEQ ID NO:68) under the following conditions: 95° C. for 2 minutes followed by 25 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 50° C. for 30 seconds and 72° C. for 2 minutes, with a final extension of 72° C. for 10 minutes. NcoI and EcoRV restriction endonuclease sites were engineered on the 5′ end of the forward primer to facilitate the generation of a N-terminal fusion with the luciferase protein. SnaBI, NotI, and SacI restriction endonuclease sites were engineered on the 5′ of the reverse primer to facilitate generation of a C-terminal fusion with the luciferase protein. The amplified luciferase gene with additional cloning sites on the 5′ and 3′ ends was cloned into a HindIII/SacI site of the Luciferase T7 Control Vector (Promega Corp., Cat No # L4821) replacing the luciferase gene normally present in the Control Vector. The resulting vector was called pJLC 65. A general scheme for cloning into the in vitro expression Luciferase T7 Control Vector can be seen in FIG. 18.

Several expression constructs were created using the pJLC 65 vector; a N-terminal fusion of FRB to the firefly luciferase (PJLC 66), a C-terminal fusion of FKBP to firefly luciferase (pJLC 67), and a double fusion of FRB (N-terminus) and FKBP (C-terminus) to firefly luciferase (pJLC 68). FRB was obtained from a plasmid from Blue Heron containing a synthetic gene for FRB (CCATGGTGGCCATCCTCTGGCATGAGATGTGGCATGAAGGCCTGGAAG AGGCATCTCGTTTGTACTTTGGGGAAAGGAACGTGAAAGGCATGTTTGA GGTGCTGGAGCCCTTGCATGCTATGATGGAACGGGGCCCCCAGACTCTG AAGGAAACATCCTTTAATCAGGCCTATGGTCGAGATTTAATGGAGGCCC AAGAGTGGTGCAGGAAGTACATGAAATCAGGGAATGTCAAGGACCTCA CCCAAGCCTGGGACCTCTATTATCATGTGTTCCGACGAATCTCAGGTGGC GGAGATATC; SEQ ID NO:69). FRB was cut from the Blue Heron vector using a NcoI restriction endonuclease site on the 5′ end and an EcoRV restriction site on the 3′ end, and was cloned into the N-terminus of the luciferase gene using known molecular biological techniques (Sambrook et al., 1989).

FKBP was obtained from a plasmid from Blue Heron containing a synthetic gene for FKBP (TACGTAGGTGGAGTGCAGGTGGAAACCATCTCCCCAGGAGACGGGCGC ACCTTCCCCAAGCGCGGCCAGACCTGCGTGGTGCACTACACCGGGATGC TTGAAGATGGAAAGAAATTTGATTCCTCCCGGGACAGAAACAAGCCCTT TAAGTTTATGCTAGGCAAGCAGGAGGTGATCCGAGGCTGGGAAGAAGG GGTTGCCCAGATGAGTGTGGGTCAGAGAGCCAAACTGACTATATCTCCA GATTATGCCTATGGTGCCACTGGGCACCCAGGCATCATCCCACCACATG CCACTCTCGTCTTCGATGTGGAGCTTCTAAAACTGGAATGACTCGAGGC GGCCGC; SEQ ID NO:70). FKBP was cut from the Blue Heron vector using SnaBI restriction endonuclease site on the 5′ end and a NotI restriction endonuclease site on the 3′ end of the gene so that the FKBP fragment could be cloned into the C-terminus of the luciferase gene. The double fusion included FRB and FKBP on the N-terminus and C-terminus (respectively).

The four luciferase constructs were evaluated for correct expressed protein size using the TnT® Coupled Wheat Germ Extract System in conjunction with the FluoroTectTm Green_(Lys) in vitro Translation Labeling System (Promega Corporation) following the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, in each of four reactions 1 μg of the appropriate DNA was added to a 50 μl reaction including the FluoroTect™ Green_(Lys) tRNA. A sample from each reaction (5 μl) was run on a 10% NuPAGE® Novex Pre-Cast Bis-Tris gel (Invitrogen Corporation) using 1× NuPAGE® MES SDS running buffer as described in the NuPAGE® Technical Guide (Version E, IM-1001). Gels were imaged using the FluorImager SI (Molecular Dynamics).

For the in vitro assay, 5 μl from each TnT® reaction described above were separately added to 95 μl of 1× Passive Lysis Buffer (Promega Corporation) with or without 0.2 μM rapamycin (BioMol). After addition of rapamycin,10 μl from each sample were added to 100 μl of Luciferase Assay Reagent (furnished with the TnT® System) and luminescence was measured using a Turner 20/20 Luminometer (Turner BioSystems).

To study whether the interaction between FRB and FKBP could be modulated, FK506, which is known to compete with rapamycin and inhibit the interaction between the fusion partners, was used in in vitro experiments. The double fusion FRB-luc2-FKBP was transcribed and translated as described above. After translation, 4 μl of sample was mixed with 5 μl 2× FLICE buffer (100 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 200 mM NaCl, 0.2% CHAPS, 2 mM EDTA, 20% glycerol, 20 mM DTT) and 1 μl rapamycin (10 nM) with varying concentrations of FK506 (Tacrolimus, Antibioticplus.com) of 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 nM (equivalence of 0, 0.82, 1.64, 4.1, 8.2, 16.4 and 32.8 ng/ml Tacrolimus). The samples were incubated at room temperature for 15 minutes, after which 5 μl of sample was diluted in 100 μl of Luciferase Assay Reagent and luminescence was measured on a Turner 20/20 Luminometer.

Results

Four constructs were prepared: luc2 (encoding a firefly luciferase; 550 amino acids), FRB-luc2 (encoding a fusion of FRB and a firefly luciferase; 644 amino acids), luc2-FKBP (encoding a fusion of a firefly luciferase and FKBP; 657 amino acids), and FRB-luc2-FKBP (encoding a double fusion; 771 amino acids). The four constructs (three controls and one double fusion) were evaluated for correct expressed protein size using the TnT( Coupled Wheat Germ Extract System in conjunction with the FluoroTect™ Green_(Lys) in vitro Translation Labeling System. All four constructs yielded a protein of the correct size (FIG. 19).

The constructs were then used in experiments to detect an interaction between the two fusion partners FRB and FKBP in an in vitro system. In the presence of the inducer rapamycin, the two fusion partners should associate resulting in a decrease in luminescence. The addition of rapamycin resulted in a 20-fold reduction in relative luminescence with the double fusion FRB-luc2-FKBP when compared to the control reactions (FIG. 20A). Therefore, in the presence of rapamycin, the two binding partners in the double fusion with luciferase associated, thereby restricting the luciferase enzyme so that it could not interact efficiently with the luciferin substrate. Conversely, with addition of increasing amounts of FK506, luminescence of the double fusion reaction increased in response to increasing amounts of FK506 (FIG. 20B).

B. Another Luciferase Modulator System

Materials and Methods

Cloning was performed as described above with the following exceptions. The red click beetle gene (cbr) was amplified out of pCBR-Basic (Promega Corporation) using the forward primer 5′ATGCGATATCGTGAAACGCGAAAAGAACG3′ (SEQ ID NO:71) and reverse primer 5′GCATAGATCTTACCGCCGGCCTTCACCAAC3′ (SEQ ID NO:72). An EcoRV site was engineered into the 5′ end of the forward primer and a BglII was engineered into the 5′ end of the reverse primer, and the corresponding amplified fragment subsequently cloned into the corresponding sites in pJLC 68. The green click beetle gene (cbg) was amplified out of pCBG68-Basic (Promega Corporation) using the forward primer 5′ATGCGATATCGTGAAACGCGAAAAGAACG3′ (SEQ ID NO:73) and the reverse primer 5′GCATAGATCTTGCCGCCAGCTTTTTCGAGGAGTTG3′ (SEQ ID NO:74). The same restriction sites were engineered into these primers as for the red click beetle for cloning into the pJLC 68 vector. The Renilla luciferase gene (Rluc) was amplified from phRL-null (Promega Corporation) using the forward primer 5′ATGCTACGTAGCTTCCAAGGTGTACGACCCCG3′ (SEQ ID NO:75) and the reverse primer 5′GCATAGATCTTCTGCTCGTTCTTCAGCACGCG3′ (SEQ ID NO:76). A SnaBI site was engineered into the 5′ end of the forward primer and a BglII site was engineered into the 5′ end of the reverse primer for cloning into the pJLC 68 vector on the EcoRV (blunt end ligation with SnaBI) and BglII. The cloning of cbg, cbr, and Rluc into pJLC 68 resulted in double fusions of the type FRB-luciferase-FKBP. Clones were verified for correct protein size (FIG. 21A). Double fusions were transcribed and translated and luminescence measured as described above, with the exception that for the rapamycin experiments only 0.2 μM rapamycin was used.

Results

To determine whether a similar modulation of the FRB and FKBP system that was seen with the firefly luciferase protein could also be seen with other species of luciferase, the firefly luciferase gene was replaced with two modified click beetle genes, red and green, from Pyrophorus plagiophalam, and the luciferase gene from Renilla reniformis. The cloning of cbg, cbr, and Rluc into pJLC 68 resulted in double fusions of FRB-luciferase-FKBP. Clones were verified for correct protein size (FIG. 21A). Double fusions were transcribed and translated, and luminescence measured, as described above.

As seen in FIG. 21B, both green and red click beetle double fusions showed the same relative effect when rapamycin was present when compared to the control (Luc2); luminescence decreased in response to rapamycin, whereas the Renilla luciferase did not respond to rapamycin.

C. In vivo Demonstration of a Luciferase Modulator System

Using pJLC 68 from Example X.A as a template, the fragment for the N-terminal fusion of FRB with luciferase (FRB-Luc2), C-terminal fusion of luciferase with FKBP (Luc2-FKBP), or double fusion (FRB-Luc2-FKBP) were amplified following the PCR program of 95° C. for 2 minutes followed by 25 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 50° C. for 30 seconds and 72° C. for 2 minutes, with a final extension of 72° C. for 10 minutes. All forward primers for amplification were engineered to contain a NheI restriction endonuclease on the 5′ end of the primer and all reverse primers were engineered to contain a BamHI restriction endocuclease site on the 5′ end of the primer, thereby creating amplification fragments flanked on the 5′ end by a NheI site and a BamHI site of the 3′ end for cloning into the pBIND vector. Primers for amplification are as follows: Luc2: Forward Primer: ATGCGCTAGCCCGGGATATCGCCACCATGGATATCG (SEQ ID NO:77) CCAAAAACATTAAG Reverse Primer: GCATGGATCCTTATACGTAGATCTTGCCG (SEQ ID NO:78) FRB-Luc2: Forward Primer: TGCGCTAGCCCGGGATATCGCCACCATGGTGGCCAT (SEQ ID NO:79) CCTCTGGCATGAG Reverse Primer: GCATGGATCCTTATACGTAGATCTTGCCG (SEQ ID NO:80) Luc 2-FKBP: Forward Primer: ATGCGCTAGCCCGGGATATCGCCACCATGGATATCG (SEQ ID NO:81) CCAAAAACATTAAG Reverse Primer: GCATGGATCCTTATCATTCCAGTTTTAGAAGCTCCA (SEQ ID NO:82) CATC FRP-Luc2-FKBP: Forward Primer: TGCGCTAGCCCGGGATATCGCCACCATGGTGGCCAT (SEQ ID NO:83) CCTCTGGCATGAG Reverse Primer: GCATGGATCCTTATCATTCCAGTTTTAGAAGCTCCA (SEQ ID NO:84) CATC

Using the phRL-TK vector (Promega Corporation) as the source of the TK promoter and vector backbone (FIG. 22A), the Renilla luciferase found in the vector was removed and replaced with the FRB-Luc2-FKBP sequence amplified from the pBIND-FRB-Luc2-FKBP to generate a NheI restriction endonuclease on the 5′ end of the fragment and a XbaI site on the 3′ end of the fragment. The following primers generated the product for subsequent insertion into the phRL-TK vector using established molecular biological techniques (Sambrook et al., 1989). TK FRP-Luc2-FKBP: Forward Primer: TGCGCTAGCCCGGGATATCGCCACCATGGTGGCCAT (SEQ ID NO:85) CCTCTGGCATGAG Reverse Primer GCATTCTAGATTAATTCCAGTTTTAGAAGCTCC (SEQ ID NO:86)

The in vivo response of the FRB-FKBP interaction to rapamycin was studied using D293 cells (a subpopulation of the parent ATCC CRL-1573 HEK293 cells that were previously selected for their increased response to cAMP stimulation). For all in vivo experiments, D293 cells were seeded onto 96-well tissue culture plates at 5,000 cells/well prior to transfection and incubated at 37° C. and 10% CO₂ for at least 8 hours. The pBIND constructs and the TK double fusion construct were transfected into D293 cells using TransIT® LT1 Transfection Reagent (Mirus Corporation) as described in the protocol using 0.1 μg DNA/0.3 μl transfection reagent per/well of a 96-well plate. Approximately 24 hours after transfection (FIGS. 24-25), 10 μl of 50 mM of Luciferin EF (Promega Corporation, endotoxin free) was added to each well and cells were equilibrated for at least 15 minutes. An initial luminescent reading was measured from each sample (time point 0 minutes) and then 10 μl of a 0.2 μM rapamycin stock diluted in OptiMEM tissue culture media (Invitrogen) was added to the rapamycin tests wells, leaving control wells free of rapamycin. Plates were read following addition of rapamycin and approximately every 15 minutes after the addition of rapamycin up to one hour. For data shown in FIG. 24, FK506 was titered into reactions from 0-50 μM, and rapamycin was present at 1 μM. Luminescence was measured directly using the Veritas Luminometer.

Results

Rapamycin-mediated modulation of FRB-luciferase-FKBP was observed in vivo (FIG. 23-25). Up to 5-fold and 2-fold decreases of luminescent signal were observed using the TK or CMV promoter systems, respectively. Control constructs did not show a response to rapamycin (FIGS. 25 B-D). Moreover, FK506, which competes with rapamycin for binding to FKBP, counteracts the effect of rapamycin in a titratable manner (FIG. 24).

EXAMPLE XI In Vitro Experiments with a C-Terminal Modulated Luciferase Fusion System

In one embodiment, luciferase activity may be modulated by a fusion at either the N- or C-terminus of luciferase. For instance, a luciferase C-terminal fusion to calmodulin may be modulated by agents that modulate calmodulin.

Materials and Methods

The human calmodulin gene (CaM) was amplified from vector pOTB7 (ATCC® Global Resource Center, MGC-1447) using the forward primer 5′ATGCTACGTAGCTGACCAGCTGACTGAGGAGCAG3′ (SEQ ID NO:87) and reverse primer 5′ATGCCTCGAGTCACTTTGCAGTCATCATCTGTAC3′ (SEQ ID NO:88) following the program: 95° C. for 5 minutes followed by 20 cycles of 95° C. for 30 seconds, 60° C. for 30 seconds, 72° C. for 1 minute and 10 seconds. A SnaBI site was engineered onto the 5′ end of the forward primer and a XhoI site was engineered onto the 5′ end of the reverse primer. The CaM gene was cloned into the C-terminal end of the Luciferase T7 Control Vector with the Luc2 gene (as described above) on the SnaBI/Xhol sites, thereby creating the Luc2-CaM fusion construct. The fusion protein was expressed in vitro using the TnT® Coupled Reticulocyte Lysate System (Promega Corp.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Luminescence was measured on a Turner 20/20 luminometer.

To assay modulation of the luciferase protein by the attached CaM protein, EGTA and CaCl₂ were sequentially added to the in vitro Luc2-CaM fusion protein lysate. Initially, 1 μl of the Luc2-CaM lysate from the TnT® reaction was added to 100 μl of Luciferase Assay Reagent (LAR, Promega Corp.) and 25 μl of the mixture was used to define baseline luminescence prior to addition of EGTA and CaCl₂. After initial luminescence was determined, 1 μl of a 75 mM EGTA solution (final concentration of 3 mM) was added to the lysate/LAR and luminescence was determined. Once luminescence in response to the addition of EGTA was determined, 1 μl of a 100 mM CaCl₂ solution was added to the lysate/LAR and luminescence was then determined. Therefore, there were three luminescent measurements of the Luc2-CaM fusion construct; 1) baseline, without addition of EGTA or Ca⁺², 2) after addition of EGTA, and 3) after addition of Ca⁺².

Results

The calmodulin protein undergoes large structural changes in response to calcium and thereby provides another possibility to modulate luciferase activity through a C-terminal fusion. Without the presence of either EGTA or Ca⁺², CaM limits the interaction between luciferase and its substrate (FIG. 27, “sample”). However, upon addition of EGTA this limitation is relieved (FIG. 27, “EGTA”) and luminescence increases about 9-fold. This increase in luminescence can be reversed by the addition of Ca⁺² (FIG. 27, “CaCl₂”). Therefore, the conformation of CaM appeared to affect the luciferase activity in the Luc2-CaM fusion.

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All publications, patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference. While in the foregoing specification, this invention has been described in relation to certain preferred embodiments thereof, and many details have been set forth for purposes of illustration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is susceptible to additional embodiments and that certain of the details herein may be varied considerably without departing from the basic principles of the invention. 

1. A polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising an open reading frame for a modified beetle luciferase, wherein the modified beetle luciferase comprises an internal insertion relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, which insertion is at a residue or in a region in a beetle luciferase sequence which is tolerant to modification, wherein the insertion comprises an amino acid sequence which directly or indirectly interacts with a molecule of interest relative to the corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, and wherein the activity of the modified beetle luciferase is detectable.
 2. A polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising an open reading frame for a modified beetle luciferase, wherein the modified beetle luciferase comprises an insertion and a fragment of beetle luciferase sequence relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, wherein the fragment has at least 50 contiguous amino acid residues of the corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, wherein the insertion is at a residue or in a region in a beetle luciferase sequence which is tolerant to modification, wherein the activity of the modified beetle luciferase is increased by a second fragment of beetle luciferase sequence which corresponds to a different at least 50 contiguous amino acid residues of the corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, wherein the insertion comprises an amino acid sequence which directly or indirectly interacts with a molecule of interest, and wherein the C-terminus or N-terminus of the fragment does not correspond to residue 437 or 438, respectively, of firefly luciferase.
 3. A polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising an open reading frame for a modified beetle luciferase, wherein the modified beetle luciferase comprises two insertions and a fragment of beetle luciferase sequence relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, wherein the fragment has at least 100 contiguous amino acid residues of the corresponding umnodified beetle luciferase, wherein at least one of the insertions is at a residue or in a region in a beetle luciferase sequence which is tolerant to modification, wherein one insertion comprises an amino acid sequence which directly or indirectly interacts with a molecule of interest and the other insertion is a heterologous amino acid sequence which, when removed from the modified beetle luciferase, increases the activity of the modified beetle luciferase, and wherein the activity of the modified beetle luciferase is detectable.
 4. A polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising an open reading frame for a modified beetle luciferase, wherein the modified beetle luciferase comprises at least two modifications relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, wherein at least one modification is at a residue or in a region in a beetle luciferase sequence which is tolerant to modification, wherein at least one modification is an insertion comprising an amino acid sequence which directly or indirectly interacts with a molecule of interest, wherein at least two of the modifications result in the amino acid sequence of the modified beetle luciferase being circularly permuted relative to the amino acid sequence of the unmodified beetle luciferase, and wherein the activity of the modified beetle luciferase is detectable.
 5. A polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a fusion protein comprising a modified beetle luciferase and a tag of at least one amino acid at the N-terminus, C-terminus, or both, of the modified beetle luciferase, wherein the modified beetle luciferase comprises an internal insertion relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, which insertion is at a residue or in a region in a beetle luciferase sequence which is tolerant to modification, wherein the insertion comprises an amino acid sequence which directly or indirectly interacts with a molecule of interest relative to the corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, and wherein the activity of the modified beetle luciferase is detectable.
 6. A polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a fusion protein comprising a modified beetle luciferase and a tag of at least one amino acid at the N-terminus, C-terminus, or both, of the modified beetle luciferase, wherein the modified beetle luciferase comprises at least two modifications relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, wherein at least one modification is at a residue or in a region in a beetle luciferase sequence which is tolerant to modification, wherein at least one modification is an insertion comprising an amino acid sequence which directly or indirectly interacts with a molecule of interest, wherein at least two modifications result in the amino acid sequence of the modified beetle luciferase being circularly permuted relative to the amino acid sequence of the unmodified beetle luciferase, and wherein the activity of the modified beetle luciferase is detectable.
 7. The polynucleotide of claim 1, 4, 5 or 6 wherein the modified beetle luciferase further comprises a deletion of beetle luciferase sequences N-terminal and/or C-terminal to the insertion.
 8. The polynucleotide of claim 7 wherein the deletion is no more than 15 residues of beetle luciferase sequence.
 9. The polynucleotide of claim 1, 4, 5 or 6 wherein the modified beetle luciferase further comprises a deletion of beetle luciferase sequences at sequences corresponding to the N-terminus and/or C-terminus of the unmodified beetle luciferase.
 10. The polynucleotide of claim 9 wherein the deletion at the N-terminus or the C-terminus is no more than 15 residues of beetle luciferase sequence.
 11. The polynucleotide of claim 4 or 6 wherein the insertion is at sequences corresponding to the N-terminus and/or C-terminus of the unmodified beetle luciferase.
 12. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the modified beetle luciferase has at least about 50% the activity of the corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase.
 13. The polynucleotide of claim any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the modified beetle luciferase has at least about 1% the activity of the corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase.
 14. The polynucleotide of claim 5 or 6 wherein the tag is a PEST sequence, a GST sequence, a polyhistidine sequence or a reporter protein.
 15. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the insertion is about 4 to about 50 amino acid residues.
 16. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the beetle luciferase is a click beetle luciferase.
 17. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the beetle luciferase is a firefly luciferase.
 18. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the insertion is in a region corresponding to residue 2 to 12, residue 116 to 126, residue 228 to 238, residue 262 to 272, residue 289 to 308, residue 356 to 366, or residue 535 to 546 of a firefly luciferase.
 19. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the insertion is in a region corresponding to residue 15 to 30, residue 112 to 122, residue 352 to 362, residue 371 to 384, residue 393 to 414, or residue 485 to 495 of a click beetle luciferase.
 20. The polynucleotide of any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein the insertion is in a hinge region of the luciferase.
 21. The polynucleotide of claim 4 or 6 wherein the at least one modification is in a region corresponding to residue 2 to 12, residue 116 to 126, residue 228 to 238, residue 262 to 272, residue 289 to 308, residue 356 to 366, or residue 535 to 546 of a firefly luciferase.
 22. The polynucleotide of claim 4 or 6 wherein the at least one modification is in a region corresponding to residue 15 to 30, residue 112 to 122, residue 352 to 362, residue 371 to 384, residue 393 to 414, or residue 485 to 495 of a click beetle luciferase.
 23. The polynucleotide of claim 4 or 6 wherein the at least one modification is in a hinge region of the luciferase.
 24. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of any one of claims 1 to
 6. 25. A host cell comprising the vector of claim
 24. 26. A modified beetle luciferase encoded by the polynucleotide of any one of claims 1 to
 4. 27. A fusion protein encoded by the polynucleotide of claim 5 or
 6. 28. A method to detect a molecule of interest in a cell, comprising: a) contacting a cell with the vector of claim 24 wherein the insertion or modification is recognized by the molecule; and b) detecting or determining the activity of the modified beetle luciferase encoded by the vector, thereby detecting or determining the presence or amount of the molecule in the cell.
 29. The method of claim 28 wherein the beetle luciferase is a firefly luciferase.
 30. The method of claim 28 wherein the beetle luciferase is a click beetle luciferase.
 31. A polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising an open reading frame for a modified beetle luciferase, wherein the modified beetle luciferase comprises at least two modifications relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, wherein at least one modification is at a residue or in a region in a beetle luciferase sequence which is tolerant to modification, and wherein two of the modifications result in the amino acid sequence of the modified beetle luciferase being circularly permuted relative to the amino acid sequence of the unmodified beetle luciferase.
 32. A polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising an open reading frame for a circularly permuted beetle luciferase comprising a protease cleavage site, which luciferase is permuted at sites which in a corresponding nonpermuted beetle luciferase are tolerant to modification.
 33. The polynucleotide of claim 32 where the protease cleavage site is inserted at or near residues corresponding to the N- and C-terminus of the corresponding nonpermuted luciferase.
 34. The polynucleotide of claim 32 where cleavage at the protease cleavage site results in an increase in luminescence.
 35. The polynucleotide of claim 32 where the protease cleavage site is a caspase 3 cleavage site, a caspase 8 cleavage site, an enterokinase cleavage site, a prostate serum antigen cleavage site, a SARS viral protease cleavage site, a TEV protease cleavage site (NLYFQG), or a rhinovirus protease cleavage site.
 36. A luciferase encoded by the polynucleotide of claim 31 or
 32. 37. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 31 or
 32. 38. A host cell comprising the vector of claim
 37. 39. A method to select a mutated polynucleotide encoding a modified beetle luciferase, comprising: a) mutating a parent polynucleotide encoding a modified beetle luciferase to yield one or more mutated polynucleotides, wherein the parent polynucleotide comprises an open reading frame for a modified beetle luciferase which comprises an internal modification relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, which modification is at a residue or in a region which is tolerant to modification, wherein the internal modification comprises an amino acid sequence which directly or indirectly interacts with a molecule of interest relative to the corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase, and wherein the activity of the modified beetle luciferase is detectable; and b) selecting one or more mutated polynucleotides that encode a mutant modified beetle luciferase that has an altered interaction with the molecule of interest relative to the modified beetle luciferase.
 40. The method of claim 39 wherein the molecule of interest is a protease.
 41. The method of claim 39 wherein the modification is circular permutation of the beetle luciferase sequences.
 42. A mutated polynucleotide selected by the method of claim
 39. 43. A method to identify a moiety which interacts with a modified beetle luciferase, comprising: a) contacting a modified beetle luciferase with a library of compounds, wherein the modified beetle luciferase comprises an internal insertion relative to a corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase which insertion is at a residue or in a region which is tolerant to modification, and wherein the activity of the modified beetle luciferase is detectable; and b) identifying whether one or more compounds interact with the modified beetle luciferase relative to the unmodified beetle luciferase.
 44. The method of claim 43 wherein the modified beetle luciferase is encoded by the selected mutated polynucleotide of claim
 42. 45. A polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising an open reading frame for a modified beetle luciferase which comprises at least two modifications relative to a corresponding unmodified or circularly permuted beetle luciferase, wherein one modification is a first heterologous sequence comprising a domain which is at the N-terninus and another modification is a second heterologous sequence comprising a domain which is at the C-terminus, wherein the domains of the first and second heterologous sequences noncovalently interact, wherein the noncovalent interaction detectably alters luminescence of the modified beetle luciferase, and wherein the noncovalent interaction is modulatable.
 46. The polynucleotide of claim 45 wherein the beetle luciferase sequences are circularly permuted in the modified beetle luciferase.
 47. The polynucleotide of claim 45 wherein the noncovalent interaction is altered in the presence of a first exogenous agent.
 48. The polynucleotide of claim 47 wherein the noncovalent interaction is enhanced in the presence of a first exogenous agent.
 49. The polynucleotide of claim 47 wherein the noncovalent interaction is inhibited in the presence of a first exogenous agent.
 50. The polynucleotide of claim 45 wherein the modified beetle luciferase lacks one or more amino acids present at the N-terminus and/or C-terminus of the corresponding unmodified beetle luciferase.
 51. The polynucleotide of claim 45 wherein one heterologous sequence has a domain from FKBP and the other heterologous sequence has a domain from FRB.
 52. The polynucleotide of claim 47 wherein the first exogenous agent is rapamycin.
 53. The polynucleotide of claim 47 wherein the alteration of the noncovalent interaction is inhibited by a second exogenous agent.
 54. The polynucleotide of claim 53 wherein the second exogenous agent is FK506.
 55. The polynucleotide of claim 45 wherein one heterologous sequence has a domain from PKa-R and the other heterologous sequence has a domain from PKa-C.
 56. The polynucleotide of claim 47 wherein the first exogenous agent is cAMP.
 57. The polynucleotide of claim 45 wherein one heterologous sequence has a domain from SH2 and the other heterologous sequence has a domain that is capable of being phosphorylated.
 58. The polynucleotide of claim 47 wherein the first exogenous agent is a tyrosine kinase.
 59. The polynucleotide of claim 53 wherein the second exogenous agent is a phosphatase.
 60. The polynucleotide of claim 45 wherein one heterologous sequence has a domain from 14-3-3t and the other heterologous sequence has a domain that is capable of being phosphorylated.
 61. The polynucleotide of claim 47 wherein the first exogenous agent is cAMP-PKa.
 62. The polynucleotide of claim 45 wherein one heterologous sequence has a domain from WW and the other heterologous sequence has a domain that is capable of being phosphorylated.
 63. The polynucleotide of claim 47 wherein the first exogenous agent is a Ser-Thr kinase.
 64. The polynucleotide of claim 45 wherein each heterologous sequence has a different domain.
 65. The polynucleotide of claim 45 wherein each heterologous sequence has the same domain.
 66. The polynucleotide of claim 65 wherein each heterologous sequence has a domain from dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR).
 67. The polynucleotide of claim 53 wherein the second exogenous agent is methotrexate (MTX).
 68. The polynucleotide of claim 47 wherein the first exogenous agent is BisMTX.
 69. The polynucleotide of claim 65 wherein each heterologous sequence has a domain from gyrase B (GyrB).
 70. The polynucleotide of claim 47 wherein the first exogenous agent is coumermycin.
 71. The polynucleotide of claim 53 wherein the second exogenous agent is novobiocin.
 72. The polynucleotide of claim 45 wherein one of the domains is not from the estrogen receptor (ER).
 73. The polynucleotide of claim 45 wherein the noncovalent interaction inhibits luminescence.
 74. A polynucleotide comprising a nucleic acid sequence comprising an open reading frame for a modified beetle luciferase, wherein the modified beetle luciferase comprises a first heterologous sequence comprising a domain which first heterologous sequence is at the N-terminus or the C-terminus of at least a fragment of a beetle luciferase having at least 10% the activity of a corresponding full-length functional beetle luciferase, wherein the domain noncovalently interacts with an exogenous agent, which interaction detectably alters luminescence of the modified beetle luciferase, wherein the heterologous sequence does not include a domain from the estrogen receptor, and wherein the interaction does not result in protein complementation or protein splicing.
 75. The polynucleotide of claim 74 wherein the one heterologous sequence has a domain from calmodulin.
 76. The polynucleotide of claim 74 wherein the exogenous agent is EGTA.
 77. The polynucleotide of claim 74 wherein the noncovalent interaction is inhibited by a second exogenous agent.
 78. The polynucleotide of claim 77 wherein the second exogenous agent is calcium.
 79. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 45 or
 74. 80. A host cell comprising the vector of claim
 79. 81. A modified beetle luciferase encoded by the polynucleotide of claim 45 or
 74. 82. A method to identify a compound which interacts with a heterologous sequence in modified beetle luciferase, comprising: a) contacting a modified beetle luciferase with one or more compounds, wherein the modified beetle luciferase is encoded by the polynucleotide of claim 45 or 74; and b) identifying whether one or more compounds alters the activity of the modified beetle luciferase.
 83. A method to detect in a sample the presence or amount of an exogenous agent which alters a noncovalent interaction, comprising contacting the sample with the modified beetle luciferase encoded by the polynucleotide of claim 47 or 73; and detecting or determining luminescence, thereby detecting or determining the presence or amount of the exogenous agent in the sample. 